RETRANSLATION - Bensimon 1990; Berman 1990; Gambier 1994; Pym 1998; Chesterman 2000; Jianzhong 2003; Paloposki e Koskinen 2004; Brisset 2004; Desmidt 2009; Koskinen e Paloposki 2010; Monti 2011; Venuti 2004/2013; Deane-Cox 2014; Alvstad e Rosa 2015; Massadier-Kennedy 2015; Van Poucke 2017; Gürçaglar 2019; Sahin et al 2019; Van Poucke 2019; Albatchen e Gürçaglar 2019; Wardle 2019; PEETERS E VAN BUCKEN 2023; GÜRSES E SAHIN 2023

BENSIMON 1990

  • Il n'en reste pas moins que les retraductions diffèrent, par plusieurs traits fondamentaux, des premières traductions. La première traduction ayant déjà introduit l'œuvre étrangère, le retraducteur ne cherche plus à atténuer la distance entre les deux cultures ; il ne refuse pas le dépaysement culturel : mieux, il s'efforce de le créer. Après le laps de temps plus ou moins grand qui s'est écoulé depuis la traduction initiale, le lecteur se trouve à même de recevoir, de percevoir l'œuvre dans son irréductible étrangeté, son « exotisme ». La retraduction est généralement plus attentive que la traduction-introduction, que la traduction-acclimation, à la lettre du texte source, à son relief linguistique et stylistique, à sa singularité.

BERMAN 1990

  • Il faut retraduire parce que les traductions vieillissent, et parce qu'aucune n'est la traduction : par où l'on voit que traduire est une activité soumise au temps, et une activité qui possède une temporalité propre : celle de la caducité et de l'inachèvement.
  • Ces traductions sont ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler des grandes traductions.
    • elle-ci est d'abord un événement dans la langue d'arrivée, tant écrite qu'orale. 
    • Elle se caractérise par une extrême systématicité, au moins égale à celle de l'original. 
    • Elle est le lieu d'une rencontre entre la langue de l'original et celle du traducteur. 
    • Elle crée un lien intense avec l'original, qui se mesure à l'impact que celui-ci a sur la culture réceptrice. 
    • Elle constitue pour l'activité de traduction contemporaine ou ultérieure un précédent incontournable. 
    • Ces traductions ont encore un trait commun : ce sont toutes des retraductions. 
    • Si toute retraduction n'est pas une grande traduction (!), toute grande traduction, elle, est une retraduction.
  • Goethe e os três modos
  • explicação
    • On peut aborder là problématique de la retraduction d'une façon décalée, et à partir de deux « faits » fondamentaux. Nous les appellerons le kairos et la défaillance. Toute traduction est défaillante, c'est-à-dire entropique, quels que soient ses principes. Ce qui veut dire : toute traduction est marquée par de la « non-traduction ». Et les premières traductions sont celles qui sont le plus frappées par la non-traduction. Tout se passe comme si les forces anti-traductives qui provoquent la « défaillance » étaient, ici, toutes puissantes. Si la défaillance, c'est-à-dire simultanément l'incapacité de traduire et la résistance au traduire, affecte tout acte de traduction, il y a néanmoins une temporalité de cet acte (temporalité aussi bien psychologique que culturelle et linguistique) qui fait que c'est en son début (dans la première traduction) que la défaillance est à son comble. La retraduction surgit de la nécessité non certes de supprimer, mais au moins de réduire la défaillance originelle. La traduction d'une œuvre est alors rentrée dans l'espace de la re-traduction. Cela se manifeste d'abord par une multiplicité de nouvelles traductions dont chacune, à sa manière, se confronte au problème de la défaillance (c'est actuellement le cas pour Shakespeare, de Leyris à Bonnefoy et Déprats). Parfois, dans cette multiplicité, se dégage une grande traduction qui, pour un temps, suspend la succession des retraductions ou (diminue leur nécessité. Dans la grande traduction, la défaillance reste présente, mais contrebalancée par un phénomène que nous pouvons appeler, avec les traducteurs du XVIe siècle, la copia, l'abondance. Dans la retraduction accomplie règne une abondance spécifique : richesse de la langue, extensive ou intensive, richesse du rapport à la langue de l'original, richesse textuelle, richesse signifiante, etc. De fait, la grande traduction nous impose un autre discours sur la traduction que celui, traditionnel, de la perte : le discours de l'abondance. Cette abondance surgit primordialement de la réitération que constitue la retraduction. Et autant les premières traductions sont « pauvres », marquées par le manque, autant la grande retraduction se place sous des formes diverses sous le signe de la profusion surabondante.
    • ..........
    • ............ Vous le voyez : dans cette retraduction, le kairos historique est partout présent. L'essence même de la retraduction y paraît de façon éclatante : renouer avec un original recouvert par ses introductions, restituer sa signifiance, rassembler et épanouir la langue traduisante dans l'effort de restituer cette signifiance, lever, au moins en partie, cette défaillance de la traduction qui menace éternellement toute culture.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
    • In his preface to the special edition of Palimpsestes, dealing with retranslation, Paul Bensimon (1990:ix) claims that there are essential differences between first trans- lations and retranslations. First translations, according to Bensimon, are often ‘naturalizations of the foreign works’ (naturalisation de l’oeuvre étrangère). 1 They are ‘introductions’, seeking to integrate one culture into another, to ensure positive reception of the work in the target culture. Later translations of the same originals do not need to address the issue of introducing the text: they can, instead, maintain the cultural distance. 27
GAMBIER 1994
  • transformations apportées au texte traduit? On aurait alors comme un continuum du moins vers le plus: de la révision (peu de modifications) vers l'adaptation (tant de modifi- cations que l'original peut être ressenti comme un prétexte à une rédaction autre), en passant par la retraduction (beaucoup de modifications, telles que c'est presque entièrement tout le texte qu'il faut revoir). On notera que si les trois types prétendent viser à une commu- nication plus efficace, seule la retraduction conjugue à cette dimension socio-culturelle la dimension historique: elle apporte des changements parce que les temps ont changé. 413
  • Ainsi, à la suite de Berman (1986 et 1990), on peut prétendre qu'une première traduction a toujours tendance à être plutôt assimilatrice, à réduire l'altérité au nom d'impératifs culturels, éditoriaux: on fait des coupures, on réarrange l'original au nom d'une certaine lisibilité, elle-même critère de vente. La retraduction dans ces conditions consisterait en un retour au texte-source. 414

PYM 1998

  • The integration of data on re-editions is justifiable on two counts. First, in this case the information was there, in our lists, so it cost virtually nothing to find. Second, the readily available data for this period include no statistics on print-runs or actual sales, so we have no convenient way of calculating how many translations went to how many people. The frequency of re-editions can thus replace the missing information by giving a rough approximation of when there was a public demand, as well as what kind of translations there was a demand for. This is a cheap way of producing interesting results. 79
  • Segregar os tipos mostra melhores resultados 80-1
  • Junta Portugal e Brasil no meu caso.
  • Passive
    • Periodical retranslations of texts like the Bible would appear to be quite a different phenomenon, at least when they have relatively wide expanses of time or geography between them and would seem to be responding to long-term processes of linguistic or cultural change in the target community. A similar logic would apply to retranslations sepa- rated by synchronic boundaries (geopolitical or dialectological), where there is likely to be little active rivalry between different versions and knowledge of one version does not conflict with knowledge of another. These might be called ‘passive retranslations’, at least to the extent that they have relatively little disturbing influence on each other. 82
  • Active
    •  Whereas re-edition would tend to reinforce the validity of the previous translation, retranslation strongly challenges that validity, introducing a marked negativity into the relationship at the same time as it affirms the desire to bring a particular text closer. Because of this negativity mixed with crosscultural movement, active retranslations are a particularly subtle index of historical importance. 83
  • Insight
    •   A comparison between two or more passive retranslations (i.e. first + subsequent translations) would tend to provide information about historical changes in the target culture (for example, free verse became common in English, so Homer was retranslated accordingly). Quite apart from being often redundant (the informa- tion thus revealed could have been obtained without doing translation history), such a procedure can only affirm the general hypothesis that target-culture norms determine translation strategies. The comparative analysis of active retransla- tions, however, tends to locate causes far closer to the translator, especially in the entourage of patrons, publishers, readers and intercultural politics (although clearly not excluding monocultural influences from any side). The study of active retranslations would thus seem better positioned to yield insights into the nature and workings of translation itself, into its own special range of disturbances, without blindly surrendering causality to target-culture norms. 83
  • tendencia de parabolas 84
>>>>>>>>>>>>
  • [Deane-Cox finds this distinction untenable, as retranslations can pose a challenge to previous translations even when they are separated by centuries, and argues that “rivalry can be discerned on a diachronic plane, as much as on a synchronic one” (2014b:17)].
  • RH formulada em 23

 JIANZHONG 2003

  • Retranslation means to translate for a second or more times from the original or from the translated versions of the original. So there are two kinds of retranslations: direct and indirect. Direct retranslation refers to the translation for the second or more times from the original; Indirect re/translation refers to the translation not from the original but from the other language translation(s) translated from the original. 193
  • Retrad como aperfeiçoamneto (artistic recreation) 193-4
  • bem ingênuo
    • Th e retranslation of science works, especially the famous works, is quite diff erent from that of literary works. It is not the incarnation of artistry, but the representation of science. It is not for the reader’ appreciation but for the spreading of scientifi c truths. Its language is clear, accurate and unitary, unlike the interpretative, polysemous and vague language of the literary works. So the retranslation of science works needs no competition in artistic approaches. Th erefore, I hold that the retranslation of science books should be strictly limited and not be encouraged, and that the appropriate department of a country should make a systematic plan to do the retranslations.
    • However, retranslation is necessary only in the following cases. (1) Th e language and terms used in the former version are out of date and need to be revised (2) Th e former version has some major mistakes that would mislead the readers and need correcting. (3) Th e original has diff erent versions and there are many diff erences in these versions. 195
  • expertise
    • In our view, the ideal translator of famous science works should be one who is the expert in the specifi c fi eld and knows the foreign language well. Th en comes the cooperation of professionals and translators; but in such cooperation the professional should know the foreign language and the translator have some professional knowledge. 195
  • For the majority of translation scholars, retranslations are things that come up as time passes, and succeed the previous translation(s) in linear fashion. Both meanings of the English word ‘succeed’ are connoted here: “to come next after sb/sth and take their/its place” and “to be successful”. In accordance with a history-as-progress model, it is widely presumed that subsequent translations will succeed in bringing forth more appropriate, more ‘faithful’ texts, ‘closer’ to the ‘original’, or texts which will be more suitable for the needs and competence of modern readers: in short, they will be, in one way or another, ‘better’ than the previous translations 2
  • aRGUMENTOS
    • a. Retranslations do not come about only when the source text is canonical and literary. My case studies are from the field of literary and cultural theories, and I believe, more research will reveal retranslations being carried out on many other text types, such as scientific texts, EU translation, translation of advertisements, etc., each probably with its own characteristics. This may force some of the generalisations cited above to be modified, such as those related to the equation ‘initial translation = assimilation’, ‘retranslation(s) = respecting otherness’. 
    • b. Retranslations are not necessarily the consequence of ‘ageing’ translations or ‘changing times’ since more than one translation of the same source text may come about within a very short time span, as we shall see below (see also Pym 1998:82–84). 
    • c. Retranslations do not arise only when the existing translation(s) are deficient/assimilative/adaptive/literal, etc., or when the readers’ attitudes, tastes, and competence change. Retranslations may also emerge as a result of a synchronous struggle in the receiving system to create the target discourse into which these translations will be incorporated. 
    • d. Retranslations may have more to do with the needs and attitudes within the receiving system than any inherent characteristics of the source text which make it ‘prone to’ retranslations. After all, to grant a multiple entry visa to a foreigner is totally at the discretion of the receiving authorities. 
    • e. In relation to the argument above (d.), the non-existence of retranslations under particular circumstances should be given the importance it merits in translation research. This, of course, raises a methodological problem, since it is often the existence of things that draws the attention, but not otherwise. The question “why does a certain text cause more than one translation?” is a frequent one (e.g. Berman 1990:2; Gambier 1994:414; Rodriguez 1990:63), but its opposite, i.e. “why has a certain text not been translated more than once?” is hardly ever asked. Only in comparative studies, such as this one, can such absences be foregrounded as noteworthy 5
  • Retranslations, once located in this wider picture, are the direct consequences, not only of factors such as time, greatness of ‘originals’, inadequacy of previous translations, ageing or changing, but also of the needs, expectations, and attitudes prevalent in the receiving systems. It may as well be that within Translation Studies, it is rather early — if not futile — to present generalisations regarding retranslation per se (see also Pym 1998:83), especially generalisations of the type discussed in the introduction to this article. After all, case studies located within diverse socio-cultural situations keep yielding alternative results. 30
  • Bensimon e Berman e Gambier > RH
  • concl
    • The retranslation hypothesis, thus, arises out of particular historical observations. In a particular case it may, for example, be explicable by the current phase in literature. It can also be explained on the basis that it is normally not possible to be more foreignizing (or accurate in relation to the source text) in the translation than what will be understood in the target culture. Consequently, when information about this specific foreign culture or text increases, new possibilities are opened up for translation as well. However, as we have shown, RH only covers part of the ground of all retranslations: while there are numerous (re)translations that fit in the RH schema, there also exist several counter-examples where the schema is turned the other way round, and also cases where the whole issue of domestication/ assimilation versus foreignization/source-text orientation is irrelevant. It is possible to desire that a retranslation be more target-oriented, and it is also possible to use a foreignizing strategy in a first translation. In the latter case there are at least three possible outcomes: the source culture may be familiar to the readers through means other than previous translations of the same text, foreignization therefore not constituting an undesired alternative; foreign elements may be explained in a preface or in footnotes; or much of the contents of the translation may be left — deliberately or not deliberately — unclear to the audience. There are examples of all three alternatives in Finnish translations. 
    • Consequently, we do not find sufficient support for the retranslation hypothe- sis: there are no inherent qualities in the process of retranslating that would dictate a move from domesticating strategies towards more foreignizing strategies. The hypothesis may have arisen from the particular historical observation point of the researcher: what is considered faithful or accurate at any given time. It also includes a disquieting tinge of hubris and a questionable tendency to reduce historical development into straightforward evolution or linear progress: the ideas of accom- plishment and interpretative evolution indicate a certain superiority towards predecessors and seem to suggest that contemporary reinterpretations are somehow more adequate or more mature than those produced during previous eras. 36
  • Entre traduction et retraduction, le texte original sert d’arbitre et de référence. Cette démarche comparative présuppose une stabilité du texte original, dépositaire paradoxalement historique et intemporel d’une intention de signifier (l’intentio operis dont parle Eco). La critique dessine un parcours évolutif où chaque traducteur apparaît comme l’interprète plus ou moins compétent de cette intention, suivant un processus linéaire et finaliste. D’introduction en dévoiements, les traductions successives seraient en marche vers l’idéal d’une recréation de la “vérité” originelle du texte-source (Meschonnic, Berman). Existe-t-il, ce moment favorable — ce kairos — qui rassemblerait les conditions propices à l’émergence de la “grande” à défaut de la “vraie” traduction, ou bien s’agit-il d’une illusion chronologique, produit des vérités successives de l’histoire ? Préfaces et textes d’accompagnement donneraient à penser, pour leur part, que la raison de la version dernière est toujours la meilleure. [....]  “Tout jugement sur la traduction étant contemporain de celui qui l’énonce, il en résulte que toute définition a priori de ce qu’est — de ce que doit être — une traduction court le risque d’être anachronique.2”
  • Visão aperfeiçoadora teleologiza a retrad: "la traduction, comme l’histoire, serait en marche vers le progrès"
  • Desestabilização do Origin: "Au fil des versions successives, l’ouvrage va se construire et se déconstruire de façon dialogique, en réaction contre les objections des autorités religieuses et celles des naturalistes."
  • Royer não foi introdutiva: Si la traduction assume une fonction introductive (voire faussement introductive), c’est dans l’effectuation individuelle de la lecture plutôt que sur la scène collective
  • La démultiplication du texte original que l’on voit chez Darwin acquiert une valeur heuristique. Elle disperse la “vérité” de l’œuvre, ce texte-source que la critique des traductions conçoit uniquement au singulier.  ............ subjectivité à l’œuvre dans des traductions non littéraires.
  • Ce cas de figure suffirait à invalider le schéma téléologique de la retraduction
  • age of retranslations 8, 13
  • postualdos conscientes
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
  • The author adds that since the 1990s there has been a spate of retranslations following a multiplicity of parameters, and this is said to stand in opposition to previous periods such as the belles infidèles tradition of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the literalism of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth-century “Age of Translation” marked by the spirit of “fidelity” (Collombat 2004, 8) 13
  • Retranslations constitute a special case because the values they create are doubly bound to the receiving situation, determined not only by the receptor values which the translator inscribes in the source text, but also by the values inscribed in a previous version. 96
  • Here the choice of the text for retranslation is premised on an interpretation that differs from that inscribed in a previous version, which is shown to be no longer acceptable because it has come to be judged as insufficient in some sense, perhaps erroneous, lacking linguistic correctness. 97
  • . It is not only inscribed by a translator or an editor; it is also at work when a publisher chooses to invest in a retranslation so as to capitalize on the sheer marketability of the source text, when, in other words, the value created by the retranslation aims to be primarily economic rather than, say, literary or scholarly. In this case, the decisive factor in the inscription is likely to be not a more reliable edition of the source text or more incisive scholarly research or greater stylistic felicity, but rather a bibliographic code that enables the translation to compete strongly on the book market 97
  • A retranslator may aim to maintain, revise, or displace norms and the institutions in which they are housed. 100
  • Retranslations can also call attention to the overdetermining role of a commissioning institution, which may require the translator to work with a particular source text and discursive strategy to enforce a particular ideology. A commercially oriented publisher may decide to issue retranslations of canonical texts that have fallen into the public domain simply because their canonicity ensures a market demand and they are cheaper to publish than copyrighted texts, which require the purchase of translation rights from the source-text author or his assignees. Hence an ideology of commercialism will govern the selection of a source text for retranslation and dictate a discursive strategy that enhances the readability of the translation to ensure sales. Or a publisher driven by a profit motive may wish to save the expense of commissioning a retranslation by reprinting a previous translation that has proven itself in the marketplace, even if in a revised version. 100
  •  Thus retranslations are often presented as a significant improvement because they rely on a definitive edition of the source text which was not formerly available or because they employ a discursive strategy that maintains a closer semantic correspondence or stylistic analogy. 107
    • ainda pode ser conservadora ou reconciliatória
  • retraduções confrontam a mudança de normas 107-8
  • we can consider that the main types of norms which affect translation are linguistic, literary, and translational. Language, poetics, and notions of approved translational behaviour evolve over time. Retranslations are undertaken because there has been a change in ideologies and/or norms in the initiating culture (usually the target culture), and the translation is thought to have aged or is unacceptable because it no longer conforms to the current ways of thinking or behaving. The study of retranslations can thus reveal changing norms and ideologies in society. 150
  •  A source text is reiterated in a new context, thus instituting stability through repetition, instability through the new situation, and contextual specificity, all of which enter into the translation. This contextual specificity includes elements of specific subjectivity, as well as broader situational and historical elements. The reiteration of the source text calls forth a translation in the ongoing process of exchange and production of narratives, and further reiterations call forth retranslations. A (re)translation both carries on and cancels out aspects of the source text and of previous translations. A set of retranslations of the source text constitutes a subset of the narrative matrix. Each translation is related to all other past and future narrative marks, thus constituting and challenging its own identity; in particular, each translation is haunted by the other translations in the set of retranslations. The open set of retranslations has its own power dynamics, as well as expressing power relations in society. 155
  •  De-emphasizing large governing social forces allows for more complex and detailed discussion. Explanation for what is going on in retranslations may be found not (only) at the broad social level, but in specific contextual circumstances which give a significant role to the individual commissioner and translator. A return to Herrnstein Smith’s theory, which emphasizes local context, individuality, and interests, is warranted. With regard to interests, a retranslation may be motivated by the particular purposes, and ideological and/or poetological investments of commissioner or translator. A retranslation of a classic may be commissioned for purely commercial reasons on the part of a publishing house. 156
  • Another area of potential over-simplification in the norms/ideology approach is the tendency to consider that there are different time periods each with a different set of norms/ideologies, which explains the changing characteristics of translations. 156
  • The second way in which time period boundaries can be challenged is that in practice there is not always a neat and homologous relationship between time period and norms/ideology. 157 
  • Paloposki and Koskinen propose the following sources of explanation for variations between retranslations in their corpus: 
    • stage of development of a literature; 
    • the relationship between target and source culture; 
    • historical and ideological contexts; publishers’ requirements; 
    • the nature and expectations of intended readers; 
    • material aspects such as illustrations; 
    • and the translator’s profile, preferences and interpretations. 168
  • Inevitabilidade do historicismo. 670
    • Despite the relativity of translation and the (relative) unpredictability of cultural evolution, translation scholars have asked and continue to ask whether or not retranslations have common (universal?) characteristics. In Translation Studies there is in fact the so-called retranslation hypothesis according to which retranslations tend to be more target culture oriented than first translations. First translations, the hypothesis runs, deviate from the original to a higher degree than subsequent, more recent retranslations, because first translations determine whether or not a text (and its author) is (are) going to be accepted in the target culture; the text is therefore adapted to the norms that govern the target audience. At a later stage, when it has become familiar with the text (and author), the target culture allows for and demands new translations – retranslations – that are no longer definitively target oriented, but source text oriented. 671
  • Origem em Goethe 1811 e Schleiermacher 1813.
  • Expande para uma rewriting hypothesis.
  • Corpus não confirma resultados 
    • . In this regard, Goethe’s theory of (re)rewriting, a theory which is often referred to by the adherents of the (re)rewriting hypothesis (cf. Berman 1990: 4), links up better with the results of the case study. This theory, according to which (re)rewriting covers three phases, is less absolute, as Goethe does not mention any (necessary) time span. On the contrary, he stresses the fact that the three phases may occur simultaneously, which is exactly the tendency revealed by the case study. The three phases are: (1) a (re)rewriting in plain prose, through which the target culture is acquainted with the original work; (2) a target text oriented (re)rewriting, and (3) (cf. above) a (re)rewriting in which identity with the original is sought (see Goethe 1811/1914: 493ff. and Goethe 1819: 243-246). 679
  • Source texts change
  • Language is not stable spacially and temporally > portanto importante para teste d emudança de normas, estratégias, padronização e efeitos socio culturais (295
  • Revision and retranslation are arbitrary titles. 294
  • retranslations help texts in achieving the status of a classic, and the status of a classic oſten promotes further retranslations (Venuti 2004) 295
  • Retranslation hypothesis
    • One of the best-known attempts at explaining why retranslations are made is Antoine Berman’s (1990) claim that first translations are somehow poor and lacking, whereas sub- sequent translations can make use of the first translation’s paving the way and bringing the source text’s true essence through to the target language. e first (domesticating) translation having introduced the text, the second (foreignizing) translation can be truly loyal to the spirit of the source text. According to Berman, first translations can never be great translations. is idea of first and second translations is oſten referred to as the Retranslation Hypothesis, pos- sibly because the idea was operationalized in that way in Chesterman 2000. 295 
    • [...] It is now generally agreed that Berman’s scheme is not sufficient to explain retranslation. It has been shown that although one can find examples that fit the model, it is not in the nature of first translations to be domesticating and of the second and subsequent transla- tions to be closer to the original. ere are several other factors determining the textual profiles of the translations in question. A further complication of the study and/or com- parison of first and subsequent translations is the difficulty of finding reliable methods for measuring the ‘closeness’ – let alone ‘greatness’ – of the translations. e units used to make this comparison have included, among others, syntax, lexical choices and culture-specific items, forms of address, units of measurement, spoken language, dialects and slang. 296 
  • ageing
    • common sense explanations for retranslating tend to focus on the ageing and alleged outdated fea- tures of the previous translation. In fact, this is one of the most common comments in newspaper reviews regarding the retranslations in Finland, and common stock elsewhere as well (Koskinen & Paloposki 2003). Another reason given to explain the need or urge to retranslate is the increased knowledge of the source text, author and culture. In other words, a contemporaneous, or ‘hot’ translation cannot take advantage of the reception and research knowledge that accumulates only gradually and that is available for later, ‘cold’ retranslations (see Vanderschelden 2000: 9). 
    • Similar to the Retranslation Hypothesis, the ageing claim and the ‘hot and cold’ divi- sion are based on the premise that the cause for retranslation lies with a deficient previous translation. is view has recently been questioned in a number of publications that sug- gest alternative explanations such as the agency of the actors involved (Collombat 2004), the power struggles and conflicting interpretations (Susam-Sarajeva 2006), or the eco- nomic reasons such as the marketing potential of retranslations (Koskinen & Paloposki 2003). e idea of deficient first translations also tacitly assumes a view of linear progress, that is, a modernist world view which many commentators have found untenable (Brisset 2004; Susam-Sarajeva 2006; von Flotow 2009). Retranslations may actually capitalize on the status quo: preserving rather than improving or progressing on earlier translations of a canonized classic (Tahir Gürçağlar 2008: 296). Moreover, it is useful to realize that the claims of the inadequacy or insufficiency of a previous translation may be part of a strategic repositioning aimed at supporting the value of the new translation either by the retranslator, or by the others involved (Venuti 2004: 26). 296 
  • actually there are multiple causes (ver tbm PALOPOSKI; KOSKISEN, 2004.
  • Une traduction peut être insatisfaisante, par exemple, en raison d’omissions ou de modifications dans les traductions précédentes. La retraduction sera donc déterminée, dans ce cas, par la volonté de restaurer l’intégralité du texte 14 [pode ser motivado por censura]
  • , la retraduction peut être animée par un souci d’adhérence philologique pour ce que l’on envisage comme l’intégralité du texte 15
  • La retraduction peut aussi être motivée par la volonté de recouvrer un rapport direct avec le texte-source, rapport qui pouvait être absent dans la traduction précédente : il s’agit des traductions relais ou des traductions d’une traduction que nous avons évoquées plus haut. Si les traductions littéraires de ce type sont de moins en moins fréquentes, plusieurs œuvres traduites ä partir d’une traduction sont encore en circulation 15
  • Cependant, la plus forte raison justifiant l’insatisfaction vis-à-vis d’une traduction existante est sans doute le fait que les traductions « vieillissent » ........ les imperfections dues ä l’âge des traductions ont une propension toute particulière à les rendre grotesques. Cette série de causes et d’effets peut s’expliquer par le fait que le statut des traductions n’atteint jamais l’autorité des textes « originaux ». En tant que méta-textes, les traductions ne sont qu’une interprétation possible du texte de départ et, par conséquent, elles n’ont pas l’unicité de ce dernier. Cela expliquerait aussi pourquoi on publie assez rarement des retraductions intralinguistiques de textes qui font partie de notre patrimoine culturel, même si la compréhension des lecteurs modernes est souvent déficitaire, voire faussée 
  • Ce n’est pas seulement la langue qui change, mais également les moyens mis à disposition des traducteurs : l’amélioration des outils lexicographiques et de recherche offre aux traducteurs contemporains des ressources incomparables par rapport aux moyens de travail des « anciens » traducteurs ; sans compter la meilleure compétence linguistique qui a suivi généralement la professionnalisation de leur métier. Si le progrès généralisé des moyens et des compétences n’implique pas automatiquement une meilleure traduction, il est évident qu’il peut contribuer, tout comme une analyse critique plus approfondie de l’œuvre, ä une meilleure compréhension du texte de départ. Finalement, les normes traductives, ces contraintes socioculturelles qui influencent profondément l’activité de traduction et ses résultats, jouent un rôle fondamental dans l’évolution de la pratique de la traduction et de la retraduction. En effet, la professionnalisation de la traduction au cours de ces dernières décennies a souvent fait basculer l’approche traductive des textes littéraires du pôle de l’acceptability vers le pôle de l’adequacy .....15-7
  • Avant tout, il y a la volonté de donner une nouvelle perspective au texte 17
  • Ensuite, des raisons d’ordre économique et/ou éditorial peuvent être à l’origine de la pratique de la retraduction : une nouvelle traduction peut être par exemple justifiée parce que l’opération s’avìre plus rentable que la réédition d’une traduction existante. Lorsque l’ouvrage est dans le domaine public, la commande d’une nouvelle traduction peut revenir moins chère à un éditeur que l’achat des droits d’une traduction existante. D’ailleurs, selon une pratique « dénoncée » par Jean-Pierre Lefebvre, les retraducteurs seraient souvent moins bien payés que les traducteurs, du fait que leur travail serait « facilité » par les traductions déjà existantes18 et peut-être aussi en raison du prestige qu’il y a ä devenir la nouvelle voix d’une œuvre canonique – perspective alléchante pour quelques spécialistes universitaires, en vue surtout d’une édition critique, enrichie de notes et commentaires. En même temps, une retraduction – ou mieux une « nouvelle traduction » dans la terminologie éditoriale – se révèle souvent plus attractive aux yeux des lecteurs / critiques qu’une ancienne traduction rééditée, et par conséquent plus rentable pour les éditeurs19. Les stratégies commerciales de ces derniers, en effet, visent souvent à souligner la nouveauté et l’actualité de l’opération de retraduction20, de façon à convaincre les lecteurs qu’ils se trouvent devant une traduction plus « authentique » que les précédentes et devant un texte, au bout du compte, « nouveau ». 17-8
  • Coisas que aumentam a frequencia
    • : une réévaluation critique de l’œuvre, une recrudescence de l’intérêt autour de son auteur ou de sa thématique, une adaptation cinématographique, l’expiration des droits d’auteur, etc. .... tombent dans le domaine public, 19
  • RH não generalizável 20-1
  • Tende a ser mais visívele  mais pensada 22
  •  Le phénomène de la retraduction expose cruellement les limites de tout acte de traduction et l’état éphémìre de cette activité. En même temps, il nous offre l’opportunité d’une relecture incessante des textes canoniques qui, grâce aux retraductions, continuent à nous parler de façon directe, vive, ouverte 23
  • goethe>berman>chesterman> Retranslation hypothesis. Trad aperfeiçoadora 3-4
    • How then have teleological narratives come to be so codified in respect of retranslation? One reason might be sought in Bourdieu’s concept of doxa , the term he uses to denote commonly held beliefs which are ‘taken for granted’ and perceived as ‘self-evident and undisputed’ (1977: 166). It would seem as though the history-as-progress model of (re)translation, as proposed by Goethe and re-emphasized by Berman, has become one such doxa, having permeated the two (interconnected) fields of academia and literature where it remained for a long time uncontested. While the growing body of empirical scholarship in Translation Studies is certainly beginning to challenge the arbitrariness of this discourse, it is likely that the ‘new equal improves’ doxa of the literary field will endure. There, it has become integrated into hierarchical struggles, and is exploited frequently by publishers and translators as a self-legitimizing and self-aggrandizing strategy. As Bourdieu remarks, ‘the dominant classes have an interest in defending the integrity of doxa’ (1977: 169), and so, for as long as this assumption is widely held and effectively defended, it will continue to be harnessed in the interests of status and of sales. 190
  • ageing 4>7
  • motivos comericiasi
    • In addition, Venuti (2004: 29–30) points to the commercial logic behind retranslations, whereby the retranslation of canonical texts becomes more viable given the market demand and the likely expiration of copyrights, while simply producing a revised edition of an existing work will reduce costs further still. When responding to the question of why new retranslations of the classics continue to appear, Abrams, an editor, notes that in this particular scenario ‘costs are low – no big author advances are needed – and there is always a chance that a new version will become a hit in colleges, providing an annuity revenue stream’ (2013: n.p.). Such are the ‘banal editorial reasons’ (Ladmiral 2011: 43, my translation) which can and do generate retranslations. In this instance then, emphasis moves away from differentiation and towards ensuring value of the financial kind. But Venuti further recognizes that the decision to retranslate ‘may be motivated by no more than the retranslator’s personal appreciation and understanding of the foreign text, regardless of transindividual factors’ (2004: 30). 14
  • Concl
    • Rather than conceive of (re)translations in the restrictive terms of textual proximity, these multiples of one should be viewed as instantiations of the interpretive potential of the source text. For there can be no definitive reading of the original, no singular path to restoration if we understand all texts to be unfinished, as Charles does: ‘the text is not totalizable, for the pure and simple reason that it never ceases to be modified through reading, and that this very instability is constitutive’ (1995: 383, my translation). With each reading and each (re)translation, the source text is pluralized and one new and possible text comes to light. In this sense, it is the impermanence of the original, and not the deficiency of translation, which gives impulse to the reiterative act of retranslation. 191-2 
    • This critical analogy between the avant-texte and translation has already been drawn by Scott who observes that the ‘translator transforms the text of the ST into an avant-texte (draft), transforms the text back into a process of writing [ … ]. [This transformation] “unfinishes” the ST, multiplies its possibilities of being’ (2006: 107). 192
    • The emphasis placed on metamorphoses and instability, on finding clues as to interpretative processes and external pressures, and on the world of possibilities that opens up in the avant-texte can surely serve as an antidote to universalist assumptions, revealing in turn the transformative potentiality inherent in retranslation. Consequently, the pattern that best fits retranslation is one of possible worlds radiating outwards from the source text, some reflected darkly and others with clarity, some replete and others lacking, but always with the process to be begun again. 193
  • Voice in Retranslation: An overview and some trends
  • What, who, when, where, why, how
  • Assim
    • In summary, the following variables and categories may be relevant to profile voice in retranslation: 
      • 1. The number and type of intervening texts for retranslation: 
        • a. use of a source text in the source language only (despite pre-existing translations into the target language): single interlingual retranslation; 
        • b. use of the source text and of one or several previous translations into the target language: compilative inter- and intralingual retranslation; 
        • c. use of one or several pre-existing translations as the sole source text(s): single/compilative intralingual retranslation without recourse to the source text and language and resorting only to pre-existing target-language translations.
      • 2. Relevance of intervening texts: 
        • a. importance of intervening texts in the retranslation process, i.e., their status as primary vs. secondary texts: a retranslation may use a sourcelanguage text and resort to a pre-existing target-language translation only as secondary text, or the other way around; 
        • b. frequency of use of intervening texts in the retranslation process, i.e., frequent vs. occasional use of texts: a retranslation may use an intervening text throughout the retranslation process, or only make occasional use of it. 
      • 3. Presentation of retranslation: 
        • a. open presentation as retranslation in peritexts (cover, spine, dustcover, front and back matter, notes): overt/explicit/open retranslation; 
        • b. not presented as a retranslation in peritexts (but identified as such, based on interviews, reviews, diaries, correspondence, bibliographies, databases, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.): covert/implicit/hidden retranslation; 
        • c. use of other labels in peritexts: ‘new translation,’ ‘new version,’ ‘new edition,’ etc. 
      • 4. Relation to pre-existing translations: assimilative vs. confrontational retranslation (adopting similar strategies and procedures vs. different or even opposite ones). 
      • 5. Competition for the same audience (by operating within the same temporal, spatial and social contexts): active vs. passive retranslation. 
      • 6. Time lapse with respect to the source text: hot vs. cold translation (produced shortly after the source text or after a time period). 
      • 7. Time lapse with respect to pre-existing translations: hot vs. cold retranslation (produced shortly after pre-existing translation(s) or after a longer period). 
      • 8. Retranslator status: 
        • a. single vs. team retranslator; 
        • b. hetero- vs. self-retranslator (translator and author); 
        • c. frequent retranslator vs. one-time retranslator. 
      • 9. Textual voices: the voices of narrators, characters, the voiceless voice of the implied author and intertextual paraphrases, allusions, pastiches and quotes (which are often taken from another translator) can be pinned down and compared in the retranslation and the kinds of texts listed as item 1a-1c. The analysis can, for example, enhance knowledge about the relevance of intervening texts (see item 2). 
      • 10. Contextual voices: the different agents that constitute the multiple translatorship all influence the translated text, with their unique points of view. The traces they leave in translated texts can only be analysed if contextual materials such as paratexts, interviews, reviews, diaries, correspondence, drafts etc. and other factors listed as items 3–8 are taken into account.
  • o Collombat’s [2004] conclusion (these retranslations exhibit a greater consciousness on the part of the translators) 75
  • if we accept Derrida’s insight that, “A reader [of literature] is not a consumer, a spectator, a visitor, not even a ‘receiver,’”29 and that the literary text is not a closed space (a site of “truth” to which the translation must conform), but a site of iterability [emphasis mine]; that is, it does not “possess a core of uniqueness that survives mutability, but rather a repeatable singularity that depends on an openness to new contexts and therefore on its difference each time it is repeated,”30 then we can consider the event of retranslation in a way that avoids going back to a mimetic or teleological conception of literature. 76
  • In other words, re-translations exist not because earlier translations are defective but because they are the necessary condition for the survival of the canonical source text. While it is understandable that publishers would want to market a new translation by downgrading the others and creating a need (buy this book; it’s more accurate, freer, more faithful, updated, etc.), translation scholars and reviewers might reconsider their use of the vocabulary of lack. .... allow us to move from a rhetoric of lack to one of mobility, multiplicity, and plurality 81-2
  • Apart from the two motives that were suggested by Berman, academia has identified a number of other extratextual and intratextual motives for the retranslation of literary works (e.g., Vanderschelden 2000; Tahir Gürçağlar 2009; Monti 2011; Tegelberg 2011): 
    • (1) a new edition or new interpretation of the ST (Vanderschelden 2000: 4–6; Tahir Gürçağlar 2009: 235); 
    • (2) deficiencies in earlier translations (Vanderschelden 2000: 4; Tahir Gürçağlar 2009: 235; Monti 2011: 14; Tegelberg 2011: 462); 
    • (3) the absence of a direct connection between the ST and the TT, for instance in cases of ‘indirect translation’ (Monti 2011: 15; Tegelberg 2011: 468); 
    • (4) a change in the function or skopos of the translated work in the TC, due to institutional or ideological changes in the receiving culture (Vanderschelden 2000: 5; Tahir Gürçağlar 2009: 234; Monti 2011: 17; see also the discussions in Kujamäki 2001 and Venuti 2013); 
    • and (5) changing norms of translation that turn earlier translations into “less readable” works (Tahir Gürçağlar 2009: 234; Monti 2011: 16), leading publishers and translators to provide the reader with updated versions, whether this is done by means of revision or retranslation. 95-6
  • Berman: ST never gets old, TT does 96 > rh 97
  • the studies consulted for this article show very little empirical evidence that translations do, indeed, age at such a pace that a new version is necessary every generation 107
  • . Preliminary summarizing of this pilot study leads us to conclude that aging is relevant to register (style) and translation strategy, but not empirically proven on the lexical and syntactic levels. 110
  • Neither of the latter uses are explored here  484
  • Retranslation of scientific or technical texts, on the other hand, is generally viewed as redundant, a practice that is best avoided 485
  • The decision to retranslate or to publish a retranslation, then, cannot be reduced to a single factor such as the linguistic ageing of the initial translation 486
  • our understanding of retranslation shifts across time and space. 486
  • Changing social contexts and the evolution of translation norms are often cited as major
    factors influencing the choice to retranslate specific texts 486
  • other reasons
    • There are other reasons for retranslations, some of which are taken up by Monti (2011). Some retranslators may simply not be aware of the presence of an earlier translation; similarly, lack of coordination and communication among publishers may result in the simultaneous publication of two different translations, in which case each translation can be considered ‘initial’ and ‘retranslation’ at the same time. The publication of a revised or expanded source text; the discovery of mistakes or misinterpretations in the first translation; replacing an indirect translation with a direct one; the expiry of copyright thus placing a source text in the public domain, hence eliminating a publisher’s monopoly in the market and reducing the cost of translation – all serve as justifications for retranslation. A retranslation may also be carried out with the aim of introducing a new interpretation of the source text, sometimes addressing a different readership or creating a new readership altogether. ...... supplementary 487
  • Plagios
    • Termed pirated or plagiarized translations, some retranslations are copies of previous translations, presented as a new retranslation. The phenomenon is widespread in Turkey (Şahin et al. 2019), China (Tian 2014; Yu 2015) and Brazil (Rónai 2005). Some researchers have investigated plagiarism in translation using various methodologies (Turell 2004; Washbourne 2013; Şahin et al. 2019).
  • Every translation after the first translation of the source text, regardless of the language it is translated into, is a retrans- lation. Because the first translation creates a doppelganger of the text, which can easily replace the original and be used as the source text in situ- ations unforeseen. 166
  • The degree of similarity or differ- ence between two or more translated texts, the time interval between the translations, the popularity of the source text as measured by print runs, and translators’ background are only some of the factors to be investigated in an effort to identify plagiarism in retranslation. 166
  • Monti (2011) argues that a literary work may be retranslated for a variety of rea- sons. The existing translation may be unsatisfactory, incomplete, censored, its language may get aged through time, identified as a relay translation, or a new translator may want to translate the text with a new perspective. Sometimes a book is retranslated simply because it is profitable. 167
  • attention should be paid to the importance of retranslation for the canonization process of what is generally called “World Literature” 195-6
  • Retranslation theory' (a term coined in Brownlie 2006) has defined a number of motives and reasons for retranslation so far, and the majority of those motives are indeed aimed at creating a kind of value and enhancing the quality of an older version of the same source text, whether that be by moving the translation closer to the source text, 'refreshing' the language of an earlier translation, adapting the translation to a new (and more com- plete) edition or a new (and more correct) interpretation of the source text, removing deficiencies from earlier translations, removing the deficiencies of 'indirect translation', or adapting the text to changes in the receiving cul- ture or to changing norms of translation in the target culture. In general, only those literary works that are considered sufficiently important to invest financial resources into the creation of a new translation are retranslated, and so the phenomenon is supposed to be limited to translations of canoni- cal literary works, or at least to those literary works which are expected to yield sufficient financial profits for the publisher. 196
  • As retranslation is mainly concerned with the “creation of value” (Venuti 2004/2013) and more specifically with enhancing the 'value' of existing (first) translations, > BERMAN > RH 195, 197-8
  • Even though retranslation has a more pronounced link with canon formation, the results of this case study will reveal that literary works may be retranslated out of completely different considerations in one and the same culture at (around) the same time, hence creating different types of coexisting canons. 199
  • CONCL
    • Publishers apparently take the risk of rein- troducing a product for the second time on the same market when: (1) the literary quality of a work has been established since the first edition, and its author has become part of the canon (whether that be by positive criticism of the work in one culture only or the growing prestige of its author within the boundaries of World Literature), (2) the economic potential of the work (which might be independent from the literary value of a work) convinces the publisher to order a new translation, or (3) the work enjoys a certain importance in the political or ideological struggles of the time. Only in the latter case are economic considerations of profit and revenue for the greater part absent, for instance when a left-wing or communist publishing house is interested in the dissemination of certain ideas through the translation of literary works, sometimes regardless of the number of sold copies. 
    • By focusing on the history and evolution of retranslations only, features that remained hidden in a purely chronological overview of translations surfaced, which turns HLR into a promising and useful tool for the analysis of canon formation and its evolution in a particular culture at a particular time. 209
ALBATCHEN E Gürçağlar 2019
  • Bibliografia 212-3
  • Problemas
    • Pym mentions two major problems with bibliogra- phies (or “lists” as he calls them), the most significant one being the lack of previous research and data. Indeed, many national bibliographies, including the Turkish one, are ailed by gaps in data for various reasons. The second problem, which our work in compiling a bibliography of retranslations in Turkey has faced, is that bibliographies have to rely on pre-existing clas- sifications by libraries, catalogs, publishers, etc. (Pym 1998, 41). Moreover, those who compile the bibliographies rarely disclose their criteria and it would be impossible to argue that any type of bibliography is value-free (Pieta 2010, 125; Pym 1998, 42). There are always “prior filters” at play (Poupaud, Pym and Torres Simon 2009, 266). A further problem valid for diachronic bibliographies is that bibliographic standards change through time, leading to changes in classification criteria and terminology (Paloposki and Koskinen 2010, 37). Despite their vices, Pym maintains that bibliog- raphies are necessary for the construction of corpora, however, a few steps need to be ensured in order for them to become functional (1998, 47–48): They should be a database with no genre or period divisions, facilitating access with key words, dates, authors, and translators; their coverage should be as complete as possible; any gaps in the bibliography should be indicated clearly with a description of the procedures followed during the compilation of the bibliography. 214-5
  • In their study, Paloposki and Koskinen reveal the overlaps between retranslation and revision and argue that only a textual analysis may help distinguish between the two. This surely invites a broader discussion on the concept of retranslation and the diffuse borders among genuine retranslations, revisions, re-editions, and plagiarized trans- lations. The various authors in this book touch upon these different aspects of retranslation in their case studies.  215
  • In  today’s  context,  a  number  of  retranslations  can  co-exist  synchronically,  within  a  statistical  model  defined  as  the  ‘long  tail’,  rather  than  one retranslation ‘taking over’ from an earlier one chronologically 217
  • Alongside  the  commonly  cited  fact  that  retranslations  may  be  prompted by the need to update older versions, with the possible exception  of  the  works  termed  Grandes  Traductions  by  Antoine  Berman  (2),  retranslations  are  also  driven  by  decisions  to  adopt  alternative  translation  strategies,  as  in  the  cases  discussed  in  relation to the Retranslation Hypothesis (Koskinen and Paloposki21),  individual  translators’  new  interpretations  of  the  source  text  (Brownlie  167)  or  in  response  to  criticism  of  earlier  translations  (Eker Roditakis 6). 
  • Commercial   concerns   also   represent   a   further   spur   to   retranslation (Venuti 97), and, especially in the case of canonical source texts, because the end of the copyright period often heralds multiple  retranslations  in  quick  succession:  for  each  language,  almost invariably, more than one publishing company will be keen to commission a new translation as a ‘safe bet’ or as an indicator of  prestige  within  their  catalogue 218
  • it can be said that they fit Koskinen and Paloposki’s concept of supplementarity (23), whereby each  retranslation  attempts  to  carve  out  its  own  individual  niche  within  the  market:  the  retranslations  cover  all  price  points 219
  • Descreve vários modos que a amazon e editoras usam para guiar a escolha do leitor.
  • when publishers do decide to highlight the retranslation, as in the case above. Marketing a retranslation as ‘new’ plays on the association  whereby  “new  equals  better,  improved”:  the  potential  buyer/reader is led to infer that if this is a new translation there was possibly something lacking in the previous version(s). It somehow diminishes earlier translations. The same message can be conveyed, sometimes more subtly, in the preface, introduction or translator’s note inside the volume, although few potential customers will go as far as reading this part of the book’s apparatus before operating their choice. The perceived appeal of newness is so strong that, at times, publishers appear ‘guilty’ of giving the impression of novelty, even when marketing existing translations: 233
  • Esse achei um pouco tangente demais. Vou deixar só o resumo:
    • O propósito do presente artigo é problematizar as definições correntes de retradução, através da discussão de um de seus aspectos constituintes: a limitação à mesma língua-meta para a qual determinado texto-fonte já foi traduzido. O que justifica o presente artigo é a falta de discussão teórica acerca das definições de retradução em trabalhos acadêmicos. A maioria dos estudos as toma como certas e evita a necessidade de se escapar à fascinante estabilidade que as marca. Nossa visão é a de que a retraducão também ocorre fora dos limites estabelecidos por uma única língua-meta, e, devido a isso, deve ser tratada como um conceito multilíngue. Ilustraremos nossa visão com posições teóricas, especialmente as de Antoine Berman, e com exemplos de retraduções de duas obras literárias de James Joyce (1882-1941): Dubliners [Dublinenses] (1914) e Ulysses (1922) para o francês, o alemão, o italiano, o português e o espanhol.
  • Problemas de definição 4
  • Berman > Bensimon e Gambier > Chesterman > RH (caricatura de Berman) 8
  •  the hypothesis in itself is insufficient to really say anything about retranslation, and therefore creates a heuristic perspective on retranslation that in itself is invalid 8
  • All too often, these claims are then blindly repeated by reviewers who judge the (stylistic) result of the translational act on parameters of the target language adverse to Berman’s idea of literal translation (such as stylistic smoothness, idiomaticity and the invisibility of translation), without knowing the source text (or even the source language) well enough to be able to judge a translation’s ‘closeness’ to that source text. We must not forget that such claims of ‘closeness’ by editors and retranslators are made in epideictic discourse 9
  • the retranslation hypothesis does not work, for a number of reasons, and should be dismissed as a whole 11
  • Some of the motives for retranslation mentioned are the appearance of a new edition or interpretation of the source text (Vanderschelden, 2000, pp. 4-6; Tahir Gürçağlar, 2009, p. 235), deficiencies in earlier (direct or indirect) translations (Vanderschelden, 2000, p. 4; Tahir Gürçağlar, 2009, p. 235; Monti, 2011, p. 14; Tegelberg, 2011, p. 462), institutional or ideological changes in the receiving culture (Vanderschelden, 2000; Monti, 2011; Massardier-Kenney, 2015; Roca Urgorri, 2017), the translator’s personal preferences (Koskinen & Paloposki, 2004) or subjectivity (Brisset, 2004; Skibinska, 2007), changing translational norms in line with cultural changes, such as the ambition to free oneself from the principle of strict fidelity when retranslating the Bible (Collombat, 2004, p. 11), or commercial rivalry on the editorial market (Pym, 1998; Venuti, 2004; Ségeral, 2019; Peeters et al., 2022, pp. 17-18). 12-3
  • As it now stands, some characteristics of retranslation and some questions related to the phenomenon are still understudied. In general, the majority of studies on retranslation so far have focused their attention, either on the motives for retranslation, trying to answer the WHY? question, or on confirming or denying the retranslation hypothesis for the specific cases studied, thus limiting the HOW? question to a single aspect and a single case. Far less time and energy were spent on other questions related to the HOW?, WHAT?, WHERE?, WHEN?, and WHO? of retranslation. With the current volume, we intended to fill a number of those gaps by taking a closer and more encompassing look at the retranslators and the product of their work – retranslation as a phenomenon, in order to answer the crucial question “what actually happens in retranslating” (Koskinen & Paloposki, 2010, p. 295). 15
  • absence o f retranslation 17
  • Since Lawrence Venuti (2004) put forward the idea of retranslations’ added value (either economic value, or symbolic value) in the target context, the issue of value has been discussed by translation scholars in terms of retranslations’ novelty or the enriching effect they bring to the target culture and language. Even without an element of novelty, retranslations enrich the target context, whether the motivations for retranslating be commercial or literary. 48
  • ageing not suported 48
  • figura com os fatores 50
  •  When there are numerous retranslations and plagiarisms in the translation market, some readers pay attention to the quality and originality of translations; others become inured to inferior quality due to constant exposure to what could be described as a polluted translation ecosystem (Gürses, 2006). The youth, especially the generation born just after the turn of the millennium (Generation Z), may be considered more susceptible to the degenerative effects of plagiarism in translation, i.e., these so-called retranslations that are poorly produced through “transcollaging” (collating or copy-pasting parts of different translations). In addition, advances in translation technologies and the increasing use of raw, unedited machine translation (MT) output are likely to only exacerbate the vulnerability of the Turkish translation market to counterfeit translations. 55
  • Today, plagiarisms of translations are usually reproduced with text editing software that alters the syntax, changes words, and amends the style of an original translation. There are cases in which a plagiarized translation becomes in turn the source text of yet another plagiarized version. Paloposki and Koskinen (2010, p. 46) referred to revisions that rely heavily on a previous translator’s work as plagiarism or “trans-piracy.”  55
  • The value of a retranslation is revealed by its place in the cultural space, and in a cultural space with a weak tradition of literary criticism, underdeveloped or developing cultural institutions, or a market where the publishing of fake and plagiarized texts is allowed to proceed unchecked, the value of a retranslation is a fragile commodity. 57

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    Clique na imagem para ler uma amostra em PDF O Evolucionista Voador é um livro de publicação independente escrito por Felipe A. P. L. Costa, autor de diversos artigos jornalísticos de divulgação científica e pesquisador independe de instituições de ensino, ele pode ser mais facilmente encontrado aqui . O livro é constituído de 15 capítulos, alguns publicados previamente em outros lugares, voltados para a história da ciência. Os primeiros 14 capítulos falam sobre cientistas e o último é um comentário sobre dicionários de biografia científica. Em ordem, os autores tratados são: Wallace; Bates; Curie; Price; Maynard Smith; Mayr; Keeling; Southwood; Miller; Harper; Williams; Margulis; Crow; e Woese. Todos pedras angulares de seus campos, alguns mais conhecidos que outros. Destaquei diversos pontos ao longo do livro que chamaram minha atenção: A divisão biogeográfica segundo Wallace; Uma representação da seleção natural utilizando um funil como metáfora par...
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    Pym - Method in Translation History (1998)

     METHOD IN TRANSLATION HISTORY Preface [O livro todo se constrói sobre críticas do trabalho Toury] Quatro principios 1. TH deve explicar porque as traduções ocorreram naquele espaço-tempo. Causas sociais. 2. O objeto central do estudo deve ser o traduor, pois só ele é passível de causa social. 3. Foco na condição social do tradutor. 4. TH adereça os problemas de agora, prioridade do presente. Em favor do envolvimento subjetivo, já que a questão central é o humano tradutor. History No mapa de Holmes e nas evoluções propostas posteriormente, não há uma área dedicada para hist da trad. Tece várias cirticas ao mapa, não só em relação a historiografia 2-4. Definições Translation history (‘historiography’ is a less pretty term for the same thing) is a set of discourses predicating the changes that have occurred or have actively been prevented in the field of translation. Its field includes actions and agents leading to translations (or non-translations), the effects of translations (...
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    Seminários e apresentações

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    Clique na imagem para ver os slides. Aula sobre as edições traduzidas da Origem das espécies ministrada na USP a convite da Profa. Dra. Maria Elice Brzezinski Prestes. - - - - - - - - - Clique na imagem para ver os slides. Seminário sobre o capítulo "O foguete está nu" do livro "O golem a solta" de Collins e Pinch. - - - - - - - - - Clique na imagem para ver os slides. Apresentação de TCC realizada no dia 04/12/2018. A gravação pode ser vista aqui . - - - - - - - - - Clique na imagem para ver os slides. Apresentação feita para o Clube de Revista do GP-Science Studies da UEM , discutindo o artigo de Ferreira (2005) sobre Popper e Darwin. - - - - - - - - - Clique na imagem para ver os slides Slides do seminário sobre os "Variorums" da Origem das espécies, com enfâse no editado por Bárbara Bordalejo. O seminário foi apresentado no dia 11 de julho de 2018 no  GP Science Studies UEM  como pode se...
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