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BOVO 2021 KORPA 2020 NAVARRO 2014 The first is Gustave Le Bon, the right-wing anthropologist and social psychologist. He began his career as a positivist. He used a Social Darwinist conception of society to argue that struggle and inequality were necessary for society. In his words, “to live is to struggle.”73 Yet his work highlights one of the underlying questions about the meaning of progress: did scientific progress create morality or destroy it? According to Le Bon, progress was in fact double; scientific and technological advance rapidly transformed society, but human nature itself, and its sense of morality lagged behind. This was a problem, because while science destroyed religious conceptions of the world, no new ideas arrived to replace them. Western civilization was in a state of transition, losing its unifying beliefs and solidarity. 18 From the beginning of his career, he held two competing theories; one, a positivist idea of science and progress, and the other, a criticism...