Bordalejo, Rehbock, Bizzo, Hueda e Martins
- Muitas críticas a Peckham são feitas, entre elas: I) A leitura do Variorum de Peckham depende que o leitor tenha os originais a disposição, qual o propósito então?; II) Shillingsburg questionou a questão do reset dos textos a cada nova edição; III) Sentenças reescritas não são bem identificadas e não é possível saber se mudanças de pontuação contam como reescrita.
- "Moment that the world changed". A partir da quinta edição (1869) ocorrem mudanças na conjugação verbal e outras referências demonstram a mudança de opinião geral que ocorreu nos 10 anos da primeira edição. Darwin foi um dos poucos que teve a sorte de ver o efeito de seu trabalho sobre o mundo.
- Bordalejo descreve suas categorias de mudanças entre as edições: Depersonalization; Reinforcement; Objectivization; Clarification; Updating; e Semantic.
- Aprendi algumas coisas sobre metodologia também: Shillingsburg afirma que os erros do pontuação e sua posterior correção não tiveram participação de Darwin, Bordalejo concorda. Para contar as frases ela as considera até o ponto final e enumera assim.
·
Crítica
mais detida a Peckham
·
Metodologia
o
Collate
suite, vbase
o
The solution is to break up the text into smaller
units, which can be translated as aligning it by hand. This alignment is
achieved through a numbering system. The numerous changes at the sentence level
made it necessary to create a system that would allow new sentences to be
introduced without creating an overly complicated numbering structure. After
some testing, I settled for numbering in the hundreds. For this, I speculated
that it was unlikely that Darwin would have rewritten one sentence (as to make
it uncollateable) more than 99 times. Following this system, the first
paragraph of Chapter I in the 1859 edition was numbered P 100, and its first
sentence, correspondingly, is S 100. The second sentence is S 200 and the third
S 300, and so on. The paragraphs follow the same pattern: P 200, P 300, P 400,
etc. When a different edition introduces a new paragraph, this one receives a
number in multiples of ten. For example, the 1869 edition introduces, after the
first paragraph (P 100) of Chapter I, two new paragraphs, these are numbered P
110 and P 120. Both of these paragraphs are also present without changes in
1872, but if this edition had introduced a new paragraph between them, this
would have been numbered P 111. This structure is also used for sentences and
it has worked adequately for this edition. The rest of the encoding in these
texts involves the use of standard entities to stand by ü,
—, & and other similar characters. In order to facilitate the
search for section titles, they have been included as part of the paragraph
that each of them follows. This means that, for example, the subtitle 'Causes
of Variability,' introduced at the beginning of Chapter I in the 1866 edition,
comes immediately after the paragraph encoding. In this way, the numbering of
individual subtitles is solved as they can be numbered S ST, without any
further markup.
o
Every paragraph and sentence of the Origin was
manually numbered in each edition. This makes it possible to see exactly what
change is happening at each point, down to the individual word. As impressive
as the visualization systems devised by McInerny and Posavec (http://www.itsbeenreal.co.uk/index.php?/on-going/about/)
or Ben Fry (http://benfry.com/traces/) are (both also based on the Darwin
Online transcriptions) and as neatly as they represent some of the variation in
the Origin, they lack this detail.
o
Although the original idea was to produce a full
historical critical edition of the Origin (including
all the manuscript materials, for example), lack of funding has made this so
far impossible. However, the base text for collation was established with the
production of a historical critical edition as its final aim. The first edition
of 1859 was chosen as a source of reference for the numbering of paragraphs and
sentences. The base text contains all the paragraphs and sentences as they
appear in the first edition of 1859, but it also includes any new ones that
were included in later editions, as explained above. When paragraphs or
sentences from later editions need to be included in the base text, the
included version is the earliest one available. For example, if text first appears
in 1866, as is the case of the subtitle 'Causes of Variability,' it is the version
present in this edition the one that is included in the base text. It should be
possible therefore to extend this system backwards to align segments of the
print editions with the manuscripts, to show phrases and sentences moving
through the various drafts into the print editions.
o The Online
Variorum was built using the transcriptions of the Origin
of Species, as published on Darwin Online. The
original XHTML transcriptions were completely re-encoded using the light
encoding system designed for Collate. Once the collations had been carried out,
Collate reconverted every file into TEI-XML compliant markup. For publication
on Darwin Online the XML was transformed into XHTML. Although it
might seem unusual to go from dynamic XML to static XHTML, there are some
advantages. Particularly, the site works much faster since the data do not need
to be processed at every single point.
o At
the moment, the collation still includes changes in punctuation, even though I
agree with Shillingsburg when he states that Darwin is unlikely to have been
responsible for these. In the future, I hope to revise the collations to
reflect this fact but, for now, one must bear in mind that changes in punctuation
might affect the numbers given. […]. I have defined a sentence as a unit that
finishes with a full stop (period) in the 1859 edition. There are some
exceptions when only the end of a sentence has been rewritten as to become
uncollateable. In such case, I have subdivided the second part of the sentence
using letters to differentiate versions. Titles and subtitles are also counted
as such units.
·
Peckham acreditava que o
texto não havia sido resetado, contestado por shillingsburg levando a
desdobramentos interessantes
·
Os
dados de peckham não são transparentes e são dificilmente reproduzíveis
·
The numbers obtained using the Online
Variorum and Peckham do not agree because different things are being counted.
The numbers I have given here include every alteration within a sentence.
Peckham's are the result of counting every sentence that was changed,
independently of how many alterations were made to it.
·
1859-60
o Peckham
described the changes included in the second edition as follows: 'the total
number [of changes] in this editions is impressive enough: 9 sentences dropped;
483 rewritten or re-punctuated; 30 added. No chapter was untouched.' (p. 19) In
order to produce some comparable results, several searches were carried out
following his criteria. The Online Variorum currently
counts 692 changes at the word level. […] According to my definitions, 24
sentences were dropped and 29 were added. […]
·
60-61
o For the
1861 edition, Peckham stated that Darwin '…dropped 33 sentences, altered 617
and added 266, together 14 per cent of the total number of variations, while
the second edition had only 7 per cent. The text was 35 pages longer than in
the two previous editions, and the 'Historical Sketch' added six and a half
pages in smaller type.' (p. 20) The Online Variorum gives
1,479 changes at word level and 267 sentences added and 54 dropped. This
includes the twenty-one paragraphs, amounting to 72 sentences, found in the
'Historical Sketch.'
·
61-66
o Darwin's
revisions increased in each edition. Peckham stated that '…[t]he fourth edition
was the most extensively revised yet, containing 21 per cent of the total
number of variants. Darwin dropped 36 sentences, rewrote 1073 and added 435,
although in his new table of differences between the third and fourth editions
he listed only 34 passages. He added two pages to the 'Historical Sketch' and
fifty two pages to the text. An important structural change involved the
addition of a number of new sub-headings within the chapters, and the change
from the former place at the beginning of paragraphs to a position centered
above paragraphs.' (p. 21) For these two chapters, the changes at word level
amount to 2,877; 507 sentences were added and 112 were dropped. At this point,
the changes reported by the Online Variorum deviate
from Peckham's count.
·
66-69
o It was in
the fifth edition that 'Darwin used the famous phrase, taken from Spencer,
'Survival of the Fittest,' and it was the most extensively revised edition yet
- indeed, if we except the bulk of the extra chapter added in the sixth dition, the most extensively revised of all.
It contains 29 per cent of the total number of variants: 178 sentences dropped,
1770 altered, and 227 added.' (p. 22) It is evident, even in a manual
comparison, that 1869 is the edition with the most changes (that is if we do
not take into account the additional chapter which was included in 1872). There
are 6,319 changes at word level, more than double than the previous edition. In
the fifth edition, Darwin also added 351 and deleted 261 sentences. The
relative drop in the number of changes at sentence level is probably related to
the increasing amount of revisions at word level, although more research is
required before a firm statement can be made about this.
·
69-72
·
For the sixth edition, '…[t]he first word, 'On,'
was dropped from the title. The considerations of objections were taken from
Chapter IV and placed with new material, chiefly rebutting Mivart's attacks, in
a new Chapter VII. Thus the old Chapters VII through XIV were renumbered VIII
through XV… Including the new material on Mivart, the new edition had more
variants than any of the previous five. Excluding that, it has fewer than the
fifth but considerably more than the fourth. Darwin dropped 63 sentences,
rewrote 1,669, and added 571. As in the fifth, hundreds of sentences were
completely recast with only slight changes in meaning, the cumulative effect of
which, however, was of great importance, as detailed studies of the text, if
they are forthcoming, will show.' (p. 23) There were 5,711 revisions at word
level in 1872. Darwin added 285 sentences and deleted 261. Again, these numbers
do not include the additional Chapter.
·
Depersonalization, objectivization,
clarification, updating, semantic changes em detalhes
·
The changes in chronological reference and,
particularly, the use of the preterite in the latter version of the sentence,
indicate that Darwin had now seen a radical change in the attitude of his
contemporaries. What had been the norm had now ceased to be. The revisions in
this sentence mark the moment when the world changed.
BORDALEJO Developing Origins
·
Critica
o variorum de peckham. Empresta sua definição de variorum text e variorum
edition (esse último além do cotejo contém fontes)
·
Ela
diz que o v. online foi desenvolvido para evitar a necessidade de ter os
originais, mas isso não aconteceu durante minha pesquisa. Erros fazem com q a
consulta às fontes seja necessária
·
Discrepância metodológica
o The discrepancy of numbers between my assessment and
that of Peckham is the result of our understanding of what constitutes a
sentence. By the same token, where I count individual changes at word level, he
counts alterations carried out within a sentence (which could have been altered
in one or more places). Changes in the other editions are as follows: 1859 to 1860:
There are 692 changes at word level; 29 sentences
were added and 24 were deleted. 1860
to 1861:
There are 1479 changes at word level; 267 sentences
were added and 54 were deleted. 1861
to 1866:
There are 2877 changes at word level; 507 sentences
were added and 112 were deleted. 1869
to 1872:
There are 5711 changes at word level; 285 sentences
were added and 261 were deleted. Nota 34 pg 234
·
Descrição
técnica:
o The
Online Variorum of the Origin of Species allows
the user to see the variation at a glance. On the left hand side of the Online
Variorum, there is a column with the numbersof each of the editions (see fig.
2). Each of the editions appears
in a different color: 1859 appears
in grey, 1860 in pink, 1861
in blue, 1866 in
green, 1869 in red and 1872
in brown. This color-coding facilitates reference
and makes the meaning of the places of variation evident at first sight. There
are also colored words in the text of the 1859 edition.
Each of those locations is a place of variation and the color corresponds to
the edition that first introduced the variant. In many cases, the reader has
access to a great deal of information just by looking at the screen. For
example, the word «look to», at the beginning of the firstsentence present a
variant that was introduced in the 1869 edition.
What we cannot know at a glance is whether there is more than one variant at
that place or what the variant or variants might be. In order to discover this,
the reader has to click on any of them, and a window pops up to show what each
edition does at that particular place. 221-223
·
Tipos
de mudança (ver intro online para mais detalhes)
o
depersonalization,
reinforcement, objectivization, clarification, updating and semantic changes.
Depersonalization changes personal constructions into impersonal ones.
Reinforcement takes an idea that has
been presented in a hesitant or vague manner and transforms it into a
forceful proposition4 Objectivization removes the
more colloquial words or syntax from the text. Clarification rewrites a
sentence and gives it a clearer more intelligible structure. Updating includes
any changes that occur because a new discovery has been made, so they also
include corrections suggested by others. Unclassified semantic changes are
those which have not been clearly classified as updates, but that could in the
future fall into that category, if new evidence is discovered about their
origin. The first four types of changes are all related to matters of style,
something which worried Darwin to a high degree and that occupied his mind both
before and after the publication of the first edition of the Origin.
223-4
·
Várias
cartas sobre o estilo da origem. Incomodava bastante ele em conjunto com outras
coisas
·
Princípio
da tabela de mudanças na nota da segunda ed que n chegou ao texto impresso (ver
nota 20)
·
Mudança
da primeira pra segunda
o Some
of these are what might indeed be considered very slight variations, perhaps
changes in punctuation or corrections of typos, some of them are changes in
wording. The spirit of Darwin’s assertion is correct and the changes are «few»,
if not in number, in degree: he didn’t have the time or the inclination to
introduce major changes, so he made slight stylistic alterations to the text.
Here is an example of a change from the first to the second edition 228
·
A
remoção do pronome ‘I’ leva a mudanças importantes de estilo. Leva a um texto
mais objetivo e confiante.
·
Discussão
dos variantes guinea fowl-goose e Florida-Virgina Wyman
Quinta ed mais modificada. Bordalejo constrói
hipótese “moment that the world changed” a partir do variante The great majority of naturalists believe that
species are immutable productions,
and have been separately
created. (1861, p. xiii; 1866,
p. xiii)
> Until recently the great majority of naturalists believed that species
were immutable productions, and had been separately created. (1869, p.
xv; 1872,
p. xiii)
o There
are 6319 changes at word level, more
than double the previous edition. 351 sentences
were added and 307 were
deleted34.
In this edition, there is a relative drop in the number of changes at sentence
level which I attribute to the increasing amount of revisions at word level.
There had been a five-year gap between the third and the fourth editions, but
that gap did not result in such an impact to the text of the 1866
edition as the three-year gap between the fourth and
the fifth editions. One of the most evident factors that could have impacted
the text of the Origin was
the completion of Variation,
but this only accounts for changes to the contents rather than the style.
Something else must have occurred in the intervening years that made Darwin
decide that it was time to heavily edit the manner of the book.
o On 24 November 1859
a gentleman naturalist living
in Kent, who twenty-five years before had traveled the world and in the time
since had pursued his own thoughts about how new species arise, published his
theory in On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection. His
book was an instant best-seller. He corrected it, making sure that he included
the latest research carried out by others, while his reputation grew. At some
point between 1866 and 1869, Darwin or one of his colleagues and friends, made
the decision that the world had changed. Most of the stylistic changes in the Origin appeared
in 1869 ... The changes in chronological reference and,
particularly, the use of the preterit in the latter version of the sentence,
indicate that Darwin had now seen a radical change in the attitude of his
contemporaries. What had been the norm had now ceased to be. The revisions in
this sentence mark the moment when the world changed. 235 retirado da intro
online
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