Charles Darwin's Notebooks (1836-1844), Barret et al.
Introdução: Herbert e Kohn
The seven
notebooks lettered alphabetically- Notebooks A, B, C, D, E, Mand N- form the
core of this edition. T hey define the centre of the notebook period, summer
1837 to summer 1839, and elaborate its key topics: geology (Notebook A),
transmutation of species (Notebooks B to E), and metaphysical enquiries
(Notebooks M and N). The other eight manuscripts relate directly to this core.
The Red Notebook contains both geological and transmutationist themes and was
the predecessor to the later notebooks. The Glen Roy Notebook, while primarily
a geological field notebook, contains occasional observations on breeding and
instinct. The Torn Apart Notebook was a direct continuation of Notebook E, the
brief Summer 1842 Notes being on related themes but later. The Zoology Notes,
Edinburgh Notebook were a series of notes running roughly parallel in time and
subject matter to the transmutation notebooks. Questions & Experiments
carried forward transmutationist themes
by a set of questions on breeding and inheritance and by a record of
experiments to be tried on these subjects. The Old & Useless Notes and the
Abstract of Macculloch complemented the major themes of Notebooks M and N. 8
In addition to forming the core of this volume, the alphabetically
lettered notebooks bear a generative relationship to one another, the subject
of transmutation serving as the stimulus for the differentiation of the group.
During the years Darwin kept these notebooks he moved from asser ting
transmutation as an hypothesis to constructing a full theory of its operation.
Before opening these notebooks he knew of the state of opinion on the subject
and, while on the Beagle voyage, commented on it, often tangentially. In March
1837 after London zoologists had examined a number of the specimens he had
collected on the voyage, he was ready to take up the t ransmutationist
hypothesis. Danvin's earliest known explicitly transmutationist statements
occur in the Red Notebook, scattered amongst obse1vations and reading notes,
primarily on geology. When this notebook was filled, Darwin began notebooks A and B. Notebook A, devoted
primarily to geology, he filled gradually over two years. Notebook B, devoted
entirely to the su~ject of the transmutation of species, he filled relatively
rapidly. It was succeeded in tum by Notebooks C, D, E and the Tom Apart
Notebook all devoted to transmutation. In addition, in the course of keeping
Notebook C, Darwin recorded an increasing number of observations on man,
behaviour, and the etaphysical and
epistomological implications of transmutation. When Notebook C was filled,
Darwin opened a new parallel series of notebooks, labelled sequentially 'M'
(possibly for 'metaphysics') and ' N', devoted to exploring his new in terests.
Meanwhile, in Notebook D Darwin first formulated the concept of natural
selection, which he elaborated in subsequent notebooks. Over time, the scheme
of these notebooks can be represented as illustrated in Fig. 1 , page 6.
Although Darwin stopped using notebooks to record his views in the 1840s, he continued
to make notes on transmutation, which he organized into subject portfolios,
through the rest of his career. The formal writing of the Origin went through
three stages before publication: two drafts- the 1842 Sketch and the 1844
Essay; a long version of the argument, Natural Selection, never published in
his lifetime; and, finally, the Origin itself in its first and subsequent five
editions. Darwin's geological notes in the Red Notebook and in Notebook A were
incorporated into various of his later publications. Material from Notebooks M
and N appea red primarily in The Descent ef Man and The Expression ef the
Emotions in Man and Animals. 9
In addition to the fifteen manuscripts included in this volume are others
bearing on its subject that were excluded only for practical reasons. The Red
Notebook itself has a predecessor in the form of 34 numbered pages at the back
of a field notebook from the Beagle voyage labelled 'Santiago Book'. Begun in
1835, these pages contain entries of a theoretical na ture and are directed
towards future publication.6 From the post-voyage period the 'St. Helena Model'
notebook, begun in 1838, records DaIWin's notes on his observations of Robert
Seale's topographical model of that island, as well as some entries directed towards
the species question.7 In addition to notebooks, there are in the. Darwin
Archive at Cambridge University Library a considerable number ofloose notes
from the 1836-44 period that bear on the subject matter of the notebooks
published here. Among these are notes, catalogued in the library as DAR 29,
regarding specimens from the Beagle voyage. Also of interest are Darwin's
collection of abst r~cts of books and scientific periodicals similar to the
Abstract of Macculloch. 9
· Entries in the majority of the fifteen
manuscripts in the present collection are directed towards the construction of
theory. They represent a series of brief expositions, memoranda and reading
notes: theory in the process of gestation. Since the arguments presented in the
notebooks were in the early stages of formation, they display the probing and
discursive ogic of discovery ra ther
than the coherent and fully articulated logic of final exposition. In addition,
to the reader familiar with On the Origin ef Species, the notebooks may initially
seem foreign, for where the Origin, at least in its first edition, offered few
clues to its antecedents, the notebooks served as Darwin's record of his
sources. Also in these manuscripts Darwin frequently reflected on the subject
of scientific method with regard to his own work, as, for example, in his
comment in [Notebook] D117: 'The line of argument «often» pursued throughout my
theory is to establish a point as a probability by induction, & to apply it
as hypothesis to other points. & see whether it will solve them.-' 7 9
·
Os
cadernos também possuem conexões com a marginalia e apresentam sinais de
consulta recorrente.
·
Descrição
da vida de Darwin ao longo do período dos notebooks. Muita atividade pública,
participações em sociedades, museus, viagens curtas, colaborações com vários
naturalistas importantes, publicações das observações da viagem do beagle,
muita leitura, casamento e mudanças de casas.
Red Notebook: Herbert e Herbet (1980)
·
O rn apresenta dois aspectos
distintos, dando a entender que foi inicado durante a viagem e levado com
darwin para londres depois. A primeira parte pode ser facilmente datade de
1836, mas a segunda é mais difícil.
·
O notebook apresenta a primeira
intuição mais clara do transformismo de darwin e o marca em março de 1837
(conforme afirmado no jounral)
·
In
the Red Notebook are found explicit indications that Darwin was ready to assert
the possibility that "…one species does change into another…" (Red
Notebook, p. 130). Equally important, Darwin's remarks on the species question
in the second part of the notebook are sufficiently extended to allow one to
characterize his position in some detail.
·
Sobre espécies fala de distribuição,
comparação da distribuição através do tempo e espaço e sobre a geração das
espécies.
·
The
central theoretical notion to emerge with respect to geographical distribution
is that of the 'representation of species' (p. 130), or what Darwin referred to
in his autobiography as 'the manner in which closely allied animals replace one
another in proceeding southwards over the [South American] Continent…'.7 From
this notion Darwin drew the tentative conclusion that such representative
species as (to take his example) the two South American rheas had descended
from a common parent (p. 153e). It is important to point out that in drawing
this conclusion, Darwin chose to avoid a Lamarckian understanding of the
bounding of species.8 For Lamarck, species graded indistinguishably into one
another. In contrast, Darwin perceived differences between even the most
closely related species, a perception captured by his notion of representative
species and confirmed by the judgements of taxonomic authorities.9 […] Because
he saw species inosculating rather than grading into one another, Darwin
believed at the time he wrote this entry that species change, or transmutation,
must be produced 'at one blow'' (p. 217), or 'per saltum' (p. 130). 7 19b 1987
·
One such passage argues that 'new creations' of
species are independent of the size of the land area inhabited by the species
(p. 127). Other statements challenge by way of example the notion that climate
entirely determines the distribution of species (pp. 128, 134e) or that species
are perfectly adapted to a particular set of physical circumstances (pp. 129,
133). Behind such statements lie broad questions concerning the relation of the
history of the earth to the history of life. Yet in these passages the
tentative and empirical nature of Darwin's inquiries is paramount. 7-8
·
Sobre a relação da distribuição das
espécies no tempo espaço é dado um exemplo relacionando réias, macrauchenia e
guanacos relacionado a substituição de uma espécie por outra próxima. Fica
claro o “inosculação” das espécies e não uma gradação. 8 19b1987
·
O
terceiro tópico é a geração ou reprodução. Although the claim is not
made explicitly in this notebook, Darwin presumed that the complementary
relationship might also hold, that the birth of new species might be understood
by analogy to the birth of individuals. 9 19b1987
·
Foi
aproveitado em papers, no jornal, coral ...
·
O
rn representa uma mudança entre os cadernos descritivos de viagem para os
teóricos pósviagem, contendo um mix dos dois tipos de entradas.
·
Once
the Red Notebook was filled, Darwin reorganized his method of taking notes.
Where the Red Notebook contained entries on all subjects of interest,
subsequent notebooks were more restricted in content. In place of the Red
Notebook Darwin opened two new notebooks, one devoted to geology which he
labelled 'A'.30 At about the same time Darwin opened a second notebook, 'B',
already mentioned, which he devoted to questions pertaining to the mutability
of species. 14
·
Reflecting Darwin's enthusiasm for large
theoretical issues, Notebook A follows the lead of the Red Notebook with regard
to geology. For example, there is in the two notebooks a continuing interest in
vertical movements of the earth's crust and an overlapping range of topics
generally. Yet there are some differences between the two notebooks. Notebook A
has fewer field notes than does the Red Notebook, and indeed the major piece of
geological field research Darwin did in the 1837-1839 period he recorded in
another notebook.32 Also, Notebook A draws on contemporary journal literature
far more than does the Red Notebook, for the obvious reason that Darwin had
access to such literature only after his return to England. Another difference
between the two notebooks is their relative value as documents for interpreting
Darwin's geological views for the period when each was kept. In this respect
the Red Notebook is the more revealing document. Yet the lesser import of
Notebook A is not due to a declining interest in geology on Darwin's part
during the 1837-1839 period. Indeed, in this time Darwin published seven papers
on geological topics.33 Two of these papers, that on the formation of mould and
that on the 'parallel roads' of Glen Roy in Scotland, involved new field
research. Further, during this same period Darwin continued working on his
'grand discussion' of South American geology, and on his studies of coral reefs
and volcanic islands.34 However, in quantity and substance Notebook A
represents only a small portion, a sampler, of Darwin's geological work during
the period, and for that reason it is less essential to interpreting Darwin's
early geological views than is the Red Notebook. 15
·
In
contrast, Notebook B and its successors represent the bulk of Darwin's
theoretical work on the species question during the period when they were kept
and are therefore essential in understanding his intellectual development. As
is well known, Darwin did not publish his new views on species immediately upon
their inception, being well aware of the generally critical attitude of his
scientific colleagues towards theories asserting the mutability of species.35
However, from the spring of 1837 on, Darwin himself was convinced of the merits
of the transmutationist case and chose to pursue the subject in private without
the explicit knowledge or direct support of his colleagues. In Notebook B,
begun in July 1837, Darwin continued the inquiries on species begun in the Red
Notebook. Once filled, Notebook B gave way to Notebooks C, D, and E, and to at
least one other notebook known only from fragments.36 By the close of Notebook
C, however, Darwin's search for an explanation for adaptation had focused on
the subject of behaviour, and he opened a new set of notebooks, labelled M and
N, devoted in large part to the study of behaviour.37 Like his predecessor and
fellow transmutationist Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Darwin suspected that adaptive
change at least in some instances might occur first in the behaviour of the
organism, and Notebook M was opened with this hypothesis in mind. For the
period July 1838-July 1839, Darwin was thus pursuing three related but
distinguishable lines of inquiry. 16
Notebook b (kohn)
·
Primeiro
exclusivamente sobre transmutação. 167
·
Darwin não datou B e C quando os
abriu, apenas quando abriu D voltou para datar os outros. 167
o
Scholars
have accepted Darwin’s post hoc judgement that ‘This book was commenced about
July. 1837’, perhaps without appreciating that this was only an estimate. Since
the note is in grey ink, it could only have been made between 29 July and 16
October 1838. Darwin probably estimated the beginning of Notebook B from the
first citation of a dated publication. This occurs in B30: ‘July 1837. Eyton of
Hybrids propagating freely’. The reference is to Eyton 1837a, which appeared in
the July number of the Magazine of Natural History. Unfortunately, this leaves
the Zoonomical essays2 at the beginning
of the notebook undated. While the latest opening date is established as after
the end of July 1837, the earliest plausible opening date is after the
estimated completion date of the Red Notebook in late May to mid June. 167
o
Darwin
put his closing date on the inside front cover of Notebook B as ‘probably ended
in beginning of February’ since ‘p. 235 was written in January 183[8]’. This
retrospective dating he based on the incorrect assumption that Martens 1838
appeared in January, rather than February. Indeed he ignored his deletion of
‘Jan’ on B235. He also overlooked his earlier note on B198 ‘Henslow says. (Feb
1838) that few months since . . .’ The firmest date does appear in B235 and
comes from the publication of Martens 1838 in the 24 February issue of
Athenaeum. So a closing date for Notebook B of early March is plausible. 1967
o
O meio é datado a partir de citações
167-8
·
O livro começa com uma teoria
derivada a partir do Zoonomia.
·
If
the rich species passages of the Red Notebook mark Darwin’s first statements as
a transformist, with Notebook B he launches into the systematic search for an
explanatory theory that will support his new convictions. Indeed the notebook
begins with a full-blown theory derived from reading Erasmus Darwin’s Zoonomia.
In this Zoonomical essay of about 36 pages, Darwin formulates the fundamental
questions and establishes the answers not only for Notebook B but for his whole
enterprise.4 Darwin’s questions: how do species produce adaptations to a
changing world, how do new species form, and how does the hierarchy of
relationships in the natural system of classification form? form the basis of
evolutionary theory; adaptation, speciation, and phylogeny. Darwin’s first
question, how do species adapt to changing circumstances, reflects a synthesis
of problems Darwin recognized in William Paley’s natural theology and Charles
Lyell’s uniformitarian geology. Hence, the key question of the transmutation
notebooks is formulated: how to explain adaptation over time by natural means.
167
·
Geração sexual permite varição e a
assex não. Geração como meio de variação ou adaptação. Darwin assume a variação
adapta o ser ao meio. Não é mais explicativo que os predecessores mas explora
mais. Darwin responde a questão da formação das espécies concectando a
adaptação por geração sexual com especiação explicando a constância das
espécies sobre grnades regiões. 168
·
Darwin se preocupa em mostrar que a
formação das esps é possível sem isolamento completo influencia no princípio da
divergência formulado na década de 1850. Mas no caderno B o isolamento é mais
importante, B7 168-9
·
Casamento entre sua teoria e
classificação através da árvore da vida. Extinção explica lacunas e os tipos
ancestrais as similiridades. Darwin traduziu a visão da criação especial para uma transformista. 169
Nb c (Kohn)
·
Datação mais correta: março-agosto. 42/55 encontradas 237
·
Mais longo e rico 238
·
the
hereditary transmission of form, the distribution of local and wide-ranging
species, the distinction between systematic affinity and analogy, and the
relation between habit (behaviour) and structure. With respect to heredity, the
major themes are reversion, the presence or absence of intermediacy in the
offspring of crosses, and the notion that ereditary characters become fixed
with time. The latter view underlies Darwin's interest in Yarrell's law, which
becomes his leading hereditary generalization. According to Darwin's
transformist reworking of the ideas of William Yarrell, older varieties should
predominate in crosses with newer ones, likewise natural species should
predominate over domesticated varieties. Yarrell’s law suits Darwin's
transformism because it guarantees the stability of hereditary change. Darwin's
exploration of heredity is paralleled by a growing exposure to such writers on
the laws of animal breeding as Sebright and Wilkinson (C133—134). For the time
being this exposure does not undermine his conclusion that ‘picking varieties
[is an] unnatural circumstance' (C120). With respect to distribution, we find
Darwin intensively studying the results of voyages of exploration, notably the
French reports such as Lesson and Garnot 1826—30 (C16—28). This study yields a
rich harvest of examples of geographic isolation, and it also leads Darwin to
tentative generalizations on whether local species and genera or wideranging
ones are the principal vehicles of transformist change (C59—60). In the field
of systematics, Darwin's careful analysis of the quinarian school of MacLeay
and Swainson, a school which Darwin roundly rejects (C170), nevertheless leads
him to formulate a transformist version of their distinction between affinity
and analogy (C61). Taxonomic affinity reflects descent. Analogy is the
taxonomic mark of evolutionary adaptations to similar environmental
circumstances. With respect to behavioural adaptations, which become a major
concern of Notebook C, Darwin's thinking is shaped by his view that behaviour,
including instinct and thought, are hereditary. He formulates the idea that
adaptive, changes in habit precede changes in. structure as a guiding theme
(C63) This Lamarckian law is an important extension of the adaptive mechanism
developed in Notebook B and becomes the dominant expression of Darwin's search
for a transformist explanation in the latter part of Notebook C. The related
questions of behaviour and materialism become so important that upon completing
Notebook C, Darwin establishes Notebooks M and N as a separate series of
'metaphysical enquiries'. 238
·
It
should be noted that the four major fields of interest summarized above are
often discussed simultaneously. The laws of heredity, distribution, systematics
and behaviour are treated as related dimensions of a common problem. And the
problem that dominates Notebook C is the relationship between adaptation and
heredity, between evolutionary change and evolutionary continuity. In the
process, the framework of Notebook B is expanded in range and its explanatory
mechanism is transformed in direction. 238
Nb d (Kohn
)
·
Jul 15-0ct2 parece correto 329
Nb e (Kohn)
·
39/28.
Oct 2 é uma data aproximada já q n tem no caderno que sobrou pra nós, fim em10
julho
·
Sumário
interessante de Darwin: 1 netos como avôs; 2 tendencia a varia~ções pequenas; 3
grande fertilidade em proporção ao suporte dos pais. E58 395.
·
But this summary is not expanded into an essay.
Rather Darwin explores some of the implications of his new mechanism and its
compatibility with his prior assumptions. Four leading issues emerge: the
relationship between variation and adaptation, the rate and pace of transformist
change, the separation of sexes, and the analogy between selection in nature
and under domestication. 395
·
Trabalha
o malthusianismo em relação a luta pela existência, variação hereditária,
adaptação. 395
·
Reafirma
o contexto geológico gradual para a transformação trabalhado em B e o eq. Entre adaptação e hereditariedade em C.
Tbm fala que é dependente do ambiente logo pode ficar estável por mto tempo
·
Much attention is devoted to the problem of the
separation of sexes. His conclusion that the ‘formation of sexes is rigidly
necessary’ (E49) has roots in early Notebook B and derives from his work in
Notebook D on the broader subject of generation, but it is crystallized in
Notebook E as a major deduction from his new theory, with its stress on populations:
‘it was absolutely necessary that Physical changes should act not on
individuals, but on masses of individuals . . . this could only be effected by
sexes’ (E50). As always with Darwin’s secondary laws, the ramifications are
wide ranging. The necessity of separate sexes determines the formation of social
instincts and this Darwin hopes ‘to show is the foundation of all that is most
beautiful in the moral sentiments’ (E49). 396
·
In Notebook E Darwin clarifies the analogy
between the formation of species in nature and under domestication.2 In
Notebooks C and D he recognizes that domestic varieties produced by man’s art
are the analogues of species produced by nature, but he vigorously rejected the
idea that they are formed by analogous means: ‘One can perceive that Natural
varieties or species, . . . more conformable to the structure which has been
adapted to former changes, than a mere monstrosity propagated by art’ (D107).
They are analogous effects not roduced
by analogous causes. In Notebook E he reverses his position: ‘It is a beautiful
part of my theory, that «domesticated» races, of ‹a› organics are made by
precisely same means as species—but latter far more perfectly & infinitely
slower.’ (E71). Here he constructs an analogy that flows, as did the
development of his thinking, from nature to art and his former objection is
subsumed as a qualification. Finally, in E118 he inverts the analogy and
sketches the strategy of exposition in the Origin: ‘greyhound. & poutter
Pidgeons «race-horse» . . . produced by crossing & keeping breed pure.—
«& so in plants effectually the offspring are picked & not allowed to
cross.—» Has nature any process analogous . . . Then give my theory.—
excellently true theory’.
·
O
e ainda é especulativo, viria a se cristalizar em 1842 e 44.
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