Francis Darwin (1887; 1909)
Life and Letters of Charles Darwin v. 2 (1887).
·
A comparison of the two editions of the '
Journal' is instructive, as giving some idea of the development of his views on
evolution. It does not give us a true index of the mass of conjecture which was
taking shape in his mind, but it shows us that he felt sure enough of the truth
of his belief to allow a stronger tinge of evolution to appear in the second
edition. He has mentioned in the Autobiography (p. 83), that it was not until
he read Malthus that he got a clear view of the potency of natural selection.
This was in 1838—a year after he finished the first edition (it was not published
until 1839), and seven years before the second edition was written (1845). Thus
the turning-point in the formation of his theory took place between the writing
of the two editions. 2 Segue
com diversas comparações de frases entre as duas edições
·
On the whole it seems to me remarkable that the
difference between the two editions is not greater; it is another proof of the
author's caution and self-restraint in the treatment of his theory. After
reading the second edition of the ' Journal,' we find with a strong sense of
surprise how far developed were his views in 1837. 5, vários trechos das ideias de Darwin pré
contato com Malthus
·
O
essay de 1844 é precedido pelo sketch de 1842, mas esse tem uma confusão na
data (com documentos atestando 1842 e 1839) [NÃO É CONFUSÃO, É ERRO DE FRANCIS,
VER VORZIMMER 1975, VORZIMMER ERRADO, VER STAUFFER KOHN SMITH 82]:
o
The
error may possibly have arisen in this way. In writing on the Table of Contents
of the 1844 MS. that it was sketched in 1839, I think my father may have
intended to imply that the framework of the theory was clearly thought out by
him at that date. In the Autobiography (p. 88) he speaks of the time,
"about 1839, when the theory was clearly conceived," meaning, no
doubt, the end of 1838 and beginning of 1839, when the reading of Malthus had
given him the key to the idea of natural selection. But this explanation does
not apply to the letter to Mr. Wallace ; and with regard to the passage in the 'Linnean Journal' it is difficult to
understand how it should have been allowed to remains as it now stands,
conveying, as it clearly does, the impression that 1839 was the date of his
earliest written sketch. 11-2
·
O
Essay foi faircopied e corrigido por Darwin.
·
Duas partes: I on the variation of organic being
under domesticsaiont and in their
natural state e II on the evidence of favourable and opposed to the view that
species are naturally formed raves descended from common stocks. Francis
compara a primeira parte com o Origins:
o The first part contains the main
argument of the ' Origin of Species.' It is founded, as is the argument of that
work, on the study of domestic animals, and both the Sketch and the ' Origin'
open with a chapter on variation under domestication and on artificial
selection. This is followed, in both essays, by discussions on variation under
nature, on natural selection, and on the struggle for life. Here, any close
resemblance between the two essays with regard to arrangement ceases. Chapter
III. of the Sketch, which concludes the first part, treats of the variations
which occur in the instincts and habits of animals, and thus corresponds to
some extent with Chapter VII. Of the 'Origin' (1st edit.). It thus forms a
complement to the chapters which deal with variation in structure. It seems to
have been placed thus early in the Essay to prevent the hasty rejection of the
whole theory by a reader to whom the idea of natural selection acting on
instincts might seem impossible. This is the more probable, as the Chapter on
Instinct in the ' Origin' is specially mentioned (Introduction p. 5) as one of
the "most apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory." Moreover
the chapter in the Sketch ends with a discussion, "whether any particular
corporeal structures are so wonderful as to justify the rejection primd
facie of our theory." Under this heading comes the discussion of the
eye, which in the ' Origin' finds its place in Chapter VI. under "
Difficulties on Theory." The second part seems to have been planned in
accordance with his favourite point of view with regard to his theory. This is
briefly given in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, November nth, 1859: "I cannot
possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts, as
I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my anchor, and
believe that the difficulties will slowly disappear." On this principle,
having stated the theory in the first part, he proceeds to show to what extent
various wide series of facts can be explained by its means. 12 13
o
Já a segunda parte corresponde aos últimos 9 caps da
Origem, tirando os caps sobre instinto e hibridismo, tratados na primeira
parte. O cap 1 do ensaio corresponde aos VI e IX, do livro; 2 ao X; 3 ao XI e
XII; 4, 5 e 6 ao 12; e 7 ao final (há uma frase nos nb 1837 que segue no essay
e no livro final); Traços dessa divisão em partes permanecem na estrutura final
·
Huxley
afirma que forças externas e herança de caracteres adquiridos são mais
presentes no essay.
·
Darwin
na autobiografia diz que não tratou o suficientemente bem da divergência de
caracteres:
o
The
author begins by stating that varieties differ from each other less than
species, and then goes on: " Nevertheless, according to my view, varieties
are species in process of formation How then does the lesser difference between
varieties become augmented into the greater difference between species." *
He shows how an analogous divergence takes place under domestication where an
originally uniform stock of horses has been split up into race-horses,
dray-horses, &c, and then goes on to explain how the same principle applies
to natural species. " From the simple circumstance that the more
diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure,
constitution, and habits, by so much will they be better enabled to seize on
many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled
to increase in numbers." The principle is exemplified by the fact that if
on one plot of ground a single variety of wheat be sown, and on to another a
mixture of varieties, in the latter case the produce is greater. More
individuals have been able to exist because they were not all of the same
variety. An organism becomes more perfect and more fitted to survive when by
division of labour the different functions of life are performed by different
organs. In the same way a species becomes more efficient and more able to
survive when different sections of the species become differentiated so as to
fill different stations. In reading the Sketch of 1844, I have found it
difficult to recognise, as a flaw in the Essay, the absence of any definite
statement of the principle of divergence. Descent with modification implies divergence, and we
become so habituated to a belief in descent, and therefore in divergence, that
we do not notice the absence of proof that divergence is in itself an
advantage. As shown in the Autobiography, my father in 1876 found it hardly
credible that he should have overlooked the problem and its solution. 15 16 [VER
DE BEER 1960A 40, QUESTIONA ISSO]
·
Segue
carta de 1844 pedindo a Emma que publique o Essay no caso de óbito de Darwin.
·
No
cap seguinte Francis utiliza notas de Hooker sobre sua amizade com Darwin.
Várias cartas tratando do Growth of the Origin na mente de Darwin até 1856
·
Cap
3 (67) trata das cartas 1856 a 1858 relacionadas a escrita e preparação do Big
Book, recomendado por Lyell e interrompido por Wallace.
·
Cap
4 (115) trás as cartas relacionadas a escrita da Origem em si.
· Texto de Huxley sobre recepção comenta alguns reviews, interessante olhar novamente.
Foindations of the Origin of Species (1909)
·
Lyell
foi peça chave na mudança para o transmutacionismo xi
·
Discute
a questão dos tempos de vida das espécies abordada em outros txts xi
·
There were however other factors of change. In
his Autobiography1 he wrote:-"During the voyage of the Beagle I had been
deeply impressed by discovering in the Pampean formation great fossil animals
covered with armour like that on the existing armadillos; secondly, by the
manner in which closely allied animals replace one another in proceeding
southward over the Continent; and thirdly, by the South American character of
most of the productions of the Galapagos archipelago, and more especially by
the manner in which they differ slightly on each island of the group; none of
the islands appearing to be very ancient in a geological sense. It was evident
that such facts as these, as well as many others, could only be explained on
the supposition that species gradually become modified; and the subject haunted
me." xiii
·
Again we have to ask: how soon did any of these
influences produce an effect on Darwin's mind? Different answers have been
attempted. Huxley2 held that these facts could not have produced their
essential effect until the voyage had come to an end, and the " relations
of the existing with the extinct species and of the species of the different
geographical areas with one another were determined with some exactness."
He does not therefore allow that any appreciable advance towards evolution was
made during the actual voyage of the Beagle. Xiii
·
Francis
concorda que as sementes da transmutação germinaram ainda durante a viagem; xiv
·
We may therefore conclude, I think, that the
evolutionary current in my father's thoughts had continued to increase in force
from 1832 onwards, being especially reinforced at the Galapagos in 1835 and
again in 1837 when he was overhauling the results, mental and material, of his
travels. Xiv
·
Francis
acredita que Malthus não foi tão vital xvi
·
1842
e 44 apareceram em 1896 por ocasião de morte da emma xvii
·
[ver
questão sobre 1839 e do outline e draft of 1839 em vorzimmer 1975, Não, ver
kohn stauffer Smith 82] xvii
·
1839 estrutura: " I. The Principles of Var.
in domestic organisms. " II. The possible and probable application of these
same principles to wild animals and consequently the possible and probable
production of wild races, analogous to the domestic ones of plants and animals.
" III. The reasons for and against believing that such races have really
been produced, forming what are called species." Xviii
·
O
cap 3 virou o 2 em 1842
·
A
divisão em duas partes de 1842 se mantem em 1844 mas n no origem xix
·
42
é um documento difícil e rustico xx
·
Correspondências
entre os docs xxii-iii
o The
Origin of Species differs from the sketch of 1842 in not being divided into two
parts. But the two volumes resemble each other in general structure. Both begin
with a statement of what may be called the mechanism of evolution,-variation and
selection: in both the argument proceeds from the study of domestic organisms
to that of animals and plants in a state of nature. This is followed in both by
a discussion of the Difficulties on Theory and this by a section Instinct which
in both cases is treated as a special case of difficulty.
o If
I had to divide the Origin (first edition) into two parts without any knowledge
of earlier MS., I should, I think, make Part II begin with Ch. VI, Difficulties
on Theory. A possible reason why this part of the argument is given in Part I
of the Essay of 1842 may be found in the Essay of 1844, where it is clear that
the chapter on instinct is placed in Part I because the author thought it of
importance to show that heredity and variation occur in mental attributes. The
whole question is perhaps an instance of the sort of difficulty which made the author
give up the division of his argument into two Parts when he wrote the Origin. As
matters stand §§iv . and v. of the 1842 Essay correspond to the geological
chapters, IX and X, in the Origin. From this point onwards the material is
grouped in the same order in both works: geographical distribution affinities and classification; unity of type and
morphology; abortive or rudimentary organs; recapitulation and conclusion.
o In
enlarging the Essay of 1842 into that of 1844, the author retained the sections
of the sketch as chapters in the completer presentment. It follows that what
has been said of the relation of the earlier Essay to the Origin is generally
true of the 1844 say. In the latter, however, the geological discussion is,
clearly instead of obscurely, divided into two chapters, which correspond
roughly with Chapters IX and X of the Origin. But part of the contents of Chapter
X (Origin] occurs in Chapter VI (1844) on Geographical Distribution. The
treatment of distribution is particularly full and interesting in the 1844 Essay,
but the arrangement of the material, especially the introduction of § m. p.
183, leads to some repetition which is avoided in the Origin. It should be
noted that Hybridism, which has a separate chapter (VIII) in the Origin, is
treated in Chapter II of the Essay. Finally that Chapter XIII (Origin)
corresponds to Chapters VII, VIII and IX of the work of 1844.
·
I have spoken of the hurried and condensed manner
in which the sketch of 1842 is written; the style of the later Essay (1844) is
more finished. it has, however, the air of an unconnected MS. Rather than of a
book which has gone through the ordeal of proof sheets. It has not all the
force and conciseness f the Origin., but it has a certain freshness which gives
it a character of its own. It must be remembered that the Origin was an
abstract or condensation of a much bigger book, whereas the Essay of 1844 was an expansion of the sketch
of 1842. It is not therefore surprising that in the Origin there is occasionally
evident a chafing against the author's self-imposed limitation. Whereas n the
1844 Essay there is an air of freedom, as if the author were letting himself
go, rather than applying the curb. This quality of freshness and the fact that
some questions were more fully discussed n 1844 than in 1859, makes the earlier
work good reading even to those who are familiar with the Origin.
·
Darwin
deixou carta para emma após terminar
·
Ultima
frase pode ser traçada de 1837 a 1859 xxviii
·
Discordancia
entre Huxley e frnacis qnt ao papel da herança adquirirda interessante de ver
xxviii-ix
·
Segundo
francis sports são mais presentes em 42 44 e o paralelo pensado entre
cruzamento e mudança de condição seria testado em fertilization 1876 xxix
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