Vorzimmer (1975); Kohn, Stauffer e Smith (1982)

 VORZIMMER (1975)

·         This bundle of sheets [found in the cupboard after Emma’s death] contained, in fact, the following: 13 pages in ink in Darwin's hand constituting a single draft with title, section numbers, and end; 1 page, also in ink in Darwin's hand, written on both sides (one side containing an outline and a list of omissions, the other a long paragraph intended as an "introduction"; and finally, 35 pages written in pencil in Darwin's hand which comprise the entitled "Pencil Sketch of 1842." 192

·         O doc de 13+1 pgs é o documento mencionado por Darwin como sendo de 1839?

·         Algumas notas estão presentes, provavelmente feitas em 1842.

·         Uma pg contendo o outline do draft e o uma lista de omissões e no verso uma introdução descartada por Darwin também provavelmente em 1842.

·         O doc trata de “the principles of variation in animal and vegetable organisms under the effects of domesticity”. O tema foi encurtado para o 42 e 44. [confereir 56-8]

o   A reading reveals that under this general subject are covered such items as the causes of variation, the continued extension of incipient variation, the effects of crossing, the role of artificial selection and isolation, and the extension of change from slight individual variation to larger varietal change. 197

·         Hipóteses cronolológicas para o manuscrito

o   Transição entre 42 e 44

o   Entre 44 e 59

o   Pré 42

·         Cadernos acabam em 1839 (vorzimmer n tinha conhecimento do torn apart notebook (1839-41), ou pensava q era contíguo ao caderno E) e começo do quesrtions.

·         In his "Introduction" to Foundations of the Origin of Species, Darwin's son Francis considers four different pieces of evidence which clearly state the year 1839 as the one in which Darwin first began to write down elements of his theory. 131 think that it was because Francis was clearly and  nequivocally attempting to validate the writing of the "Sketch of 1842" that he was so unremitting in serially putting down each of the four items of evidence for 1839. His error, it seems, was in seeing no alternative except the elimination through mutual exclusivity between these 1839 items and the "Sketch of 1842." Furthermore, even a cursory reading reveals that the "Draft of 1839" and the "Sketch of 1842" are two very different things. 203

·         Menção a 1839 ocorre me Carta para hooker 1858; No wallace darwin 1858 tbm, Darwin viu as provas; em carta para wallace 1839; e na autiobio 1876.

·         Não tem os problemas de blending inheritance e não tem o termo ns. O sketch resolve a somissões apontadas; sn anotado em livro de Youatt lido em 1840.

·         Aproximadamente em julho de 1839, Darwin elaborou o primeiro esboço de sua teoria em um documento conhecido como Outline and draft of 1839, um rascunho de um capítulo sobre variação em animais e plantas domesticados. Anotações no documento e uma página contendo um esboço geral e uma lista de omissões em um lado e um rascunho de uma introdução no outro são provavelmente datados de 1842, quando Darwin provavelmente retornou ao documento para elaborar o Sketch (VORZIMMER, 1975). Provavelmente é a esse documento que Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) e Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) se referem em sua carta de apresentação na publicação conjunta entre Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) (DARWIN; WALLACE, 1858, p. 45). O timing é perfeito para que Darwin estivesse pensando em uma analogia entre os seres domésticos e os naturais, pois, conforme visto acima, ele já havia chegado ao princípio de seleção natural e havia enviado diversas perguntas sobre criação de animais aos seus correspondentes.

·         Nesse documento, Darwin discute o poder da domesticação, portanto dos desejos do homem, sobre a capacidade de formar “raças verdadeiras”. A reprodução assexuada, descartada no caderno, aparece aqui como fonte de variação nas plantas domesticadas (VORZIMER, 1975, p. 209-10) e os efeitos da variação, hereditariedade, adaptação, condições externas, reversão e isolamento são discutidos a luz dos cruzamentos selecionados para os “propósitos frívolos”, isto é, não naturais, do homem, além disso ainda não existe

·         [TUDO ISSO ERRADO, VER KOHN STAUFFER SMITH 1982, FRANCIS ESTAVA CERTO]

Manuscrito transcrito

·         Organismos em situações diferentes as vezes se adaptam no tempo de vida de maneira sutil.

·         Uso e disuso.

·         Brotamento das plantas podem variar muito ou pouco ([reprodução assexual tomando protagonismo na variação aqui, explicado na próxima página como resultado do efeito represado da domesticação])

·         Domesticação prolongada afeta a forma definitivamente

·         Domesticação = condições diferentes mas não efetivas se não persistentes. Superabundância de alimento e características mantidas por cruzamento.

·         Criar árvores no próprio país não é domesticação.

·         Domesticação é favorável a variação.

·         In the few instances, when the cause of variation has been observed, it appears that the new conditions produce but little effect for several generations, & then that as if by an accumulated effect, the original character of the species gives way or "breaks" &numerous varieties are produced.

·         Variação é aumentada no cruzamento, mas não restrita a ele.

·         Efeito de condições externas só aparecem após v[arias gerações

o   This fact can only be explained, by the slight changes slowly gained by the < growth of the > growing powers (whether natural or morbid) of the body & by slight changes in the mind similarly acquired tending to be < being > transmitted to the offspring, which offspring being similarly exposed goes on acquiring the peculiarity in question, until the full effect which the/external influence < tends to > can produce, or the life of the organism will permit, is acquired. There is no reason for supposing that change produced suddenly on the body, as mutilations or lesions from inflammation become hereditary. Endless [teeth - as when might be filled at corresponding ages] curious examples show that congenital peculiarities (which can not be attributed to any peculiarity of exposure in parents as extra or defective joints, hairy bodies, &c,) tend to appear in the offspring, that is become hereditary. < When a peculiarity is not hereditary it will be called a - is distinctive of a variety when hereditary >.

·         Outros são resultado de como a reprodução ocorre em domesticação, não tendo relação com as condições nas quais os pais estavam (plantas). Condições externas afetando diretamente o sistema reprodutivo.

o   From the extraordinary number of varieties of plants produced in the same country & under nearly similar treatment, I conclude, that the differences produced by the accidents < action > of the reproductive system under domesticity, are more < important > numerous than those [directly] resulting from changes (from external causes directly) effected on successive individuals & accumulated by hereditary transmission in their offspring. /

·         Enquanto o cruzamento favorece variação a reversão favorece a forma original.

·         Provavelmente os organismos se cruzem entre si. Daí podem surgir novas raças. Se duas raças não muito distintas não forem mantidas separadas elas podem se fundir em uma só, por isso várias raças da mesma espécie só existem em domesticação.

·         Seleção artificial (não tem o termo) até a raça ficar verdadeira. O homem tem uma capacidade enorme de produzir raças bem específicas, entretanto:

o   In saying man makes the breed, let it not be confounded with man making the individuals originally <possessed > given by nature with the desirable qualities in such degree, man only < accumulates & > adds together & makes a permanent gift of nature's bounty. It would have been an astonding fact if nature had made so many races, many of them adapted to such frivolous ends, & man had only taken advantage of which he found ready made; - but we know such has not been the case. < although... > But in several instances man probably has taken advantage of & adopted breeds produced < by > < wholly > by the effects of external nature, to his own peculiar ends. /

·         Criação limitada pela capacidade de variação e hereditariedade de cada parte. Leis de variação e correlação de crescimento não descobertas. Também limitada pela saúde dos organismos.

·         Reversão novamente.

·         The < whole > amount of variation produced under domestication is quite unknown; for all the most useful animals & man plants have been cultivated so long that their wild source is not known & in many cases there seems reason to believe that the present races have descended from a mixture of wild races, or species, which have inter-bred. /

·         Recapitulação menciona a tendencia de blending e isolamento.

·         Omissões: características triviais que correm em grupos de sps;vis medicatrix; tendência a complicação; não tem relação com descobrir o primeiro ancestral ou se foi a partir de um apenas; considerações geológicas e geográficas (ilhas, extintos, fósseis graduais); afinidade; unidade de tipo; estado fetal; órgãos abortivos; híbridos iguais as monstruosidades; dificuldade em determinar variedades e sps; “if sps given up, genera must”; extinção dentro de certos limites é possível, quais os limites da variação?

KOHN STAUFFER SMITH 1982

·         Descrição do torn apart notebook e do summer notes 1842. Não há gap entre os cadernos e o sketch 420

·         Mudança dos notebooks para portifólios por assunto entre 1842.

·         No 42 draft b final superposto sobre o A com interpolações entre as linhas. O 44 tem um manuscrito inicial chamado de Draft C.

·         “Number each paragraph” – feito nos caps 1, 2 e 3 (parte 1 do 44)

o   The folios ran consecutively up to the initial ending of the 1844 Essay on folio 180. Besides dropping at the start of Part II the practice of numbering the sections, there was one other minor discontinuity in the initial manuscript. In the middle of Chapter II after folio 26, Darwin evidently ran out of the first set of cream-colored, nonwatermarked paper (batch 1), which he had used up to that point. Thereafter he shifted to a second set, characterized by a watermark - T N - (batch 2). This batch 2 paper lasted until the original ending of the Essay on folio 180, and Darwin used it for his table of contents of the 1844 Essay as well. 9 421-2

·         Let us focus our attention on the 1844 Essay's Chapter I, "On the Variation of Organic Beings under Domestication . . . " In the final draft after Darwin's revisions, Robert Stauffer discovered that only section 9 of Darwin's initial draft (C) was retained. It is of course on batch 1 paper; it is on the folio originally numbered 11 ; and it was the section number 9 supplied by Darwin. All the rest of Chapter 1 in the final draft is revised; it lacks section numbers and is on paper different from batch 1.

·         We may ask, where are the superseded sections, written in ink on batch 1 paper, of Darwin's initial draft of Chapter 1 of the 1844 Essay (sections 1 to 8 and 10 to 11)? They are still together with the other superseded drafts, those of the 1842 Pencil Sketch, in DAR 6. Charles Darwin at some time, in making up a packet of all these superseded drafts, manifestly used this ink draft as the protective cover for the manuscript of the 1842 Pencil Sketch; for on the previously blank verso of the first folio of this ink draft Chapter 1, he wrote: "First Pencil Sketch of Species Theory Written at Maer & Shrewsbury during May & June 1842." This inscription, obviously, denoted the major interest of the packet's mixed contents)° 423

·         Our claim is that between 1842 and 1844 Darwin composed four drafts on the subject of variation under domestication, and that these drafts are revisions one of the other. Their chronology and provenance are given in Table 1. These are the precursors of Chapter I and II of Darwin's "big book," which were written in 1856, abstracted in 1858 to form Chapter I of the Origin, and transformed into Variation under Domestication (1868). 424

Intro and pencil outline

·         Outline com introdução de 1839 de vorzimmer é na verdade o pencil outline de 1842. Publicado primeiramente em francis 1909 xviii.

·         Francis Darwin divided the 1842 Sketch into two parts, reconstructing, as he supposed, his father's intentions (Foundations, pp. xviii-xix, 22). His Part I comprises our numbers I and II (and that of the original Manuscript and Table of Contents). His II is our III. See Hodge, "The Structure and Strategy of Darwin's 'Long Argument,'" pp. 214-246, for an illuminating discussion of the simultaneous bipartite and tripartite structure of Darwin's several expositions of his theory. Hodge notes that the tripartite scheme "represented a convenient dmsion of Darwin's personal labour, rather than a natural articulation of his public argument." It is precisely that division of Darwin's labor that we are addressing. 423-4

·         Os folios 1 e 2 do sketch provavelmente correspondem a parte 1 do outline (var in domestic); os fólios 3-15 são o ch2 (application to nature); os fólios 16-35 são o pt3 (proofs...). Portanto batem com o outline.

·         DAR 6:14r also lists four "Omissions." These, we believe, are topics that were not treated or not fully developed in the initial draft of the 1842 Pencil Sketch. They are Darwin's "Memoranda," as he called them, to himself of items to be included when the 1842 Pencil Sketch was to be revised. It shows how incomplete he knew the Sketch to be. The second item in these penciled memoranda of omissions, for instance, reads: "Vis medicatrix is a form of hereditariness acting on individuals as when nails have grown on stumps of fingers." Following the clue of "vis medicatrix" to the manuscript of the 1842 Pencil Sketch, we find on folio 2 a single line, which reads: "Secondly reversion to parent form - analogue ofvis medicatrix." Careful examination reveals that the line is an interpolation written between the original lines of Darwin's initial Draft (A) of the 1842 Sketch.

·         In summary, we take the single sheet DAR 6:14 to be a table of contents to the 1842 Sketch on one side and an Introduction on the other side, just as Francis Darwin stated in 1909. We have said that this sheet was found in close association with the 1842 Sketch. In fact, as it is now bound in the Darwin Papers, this single sheet is separated from the 1842 Sketch only by another single sheet with the words "1 st Sketch of Species Theory I 1842 135 pp" in the unmistakable hand of Francis Darwin (DAR 6 : 15). The separation of DAR 6:14 from the rest of the 1842 Sketch was a by-product of Francis' laudable attempt to identify the 1842 Sketch from its description in Darwin's autobiography as written in pencil and comprising 35 pages. ~a However, Darwin also describes it as comprising 37 pages. 425-6

Drafts of 42 e 44

·         DAR 6: 16r e 17r = parte I do sketch final = Draft A reconstruído aqui. As pgs originais são cheias de marcas autorais que escondem esse draft.

·         Francis publicou com todos as dels e inserts, chamado de Draft B. Assim, algumas passagens não estão nos lugares corretos. A transformado gradualmente em B entre 42 e 44

·         Sugerem que o Draft b, mto revisado para leitura, eventualmente foi copiado e aumentado. Isso deu origem ao manuscrito de vorzimmer erroneamente datado de 1839.Junto com outros papéis ele forma o capítulo 1 do draft c, que é a versão original do ch 1 do 44. Outras marcas de Darwin também suportam isso.

·         In summary, four levels of revision can be discrerned in Darwin's attempts between 1842 and 1844 to define his views on variation, heredity, and domestication. He first wrote a five-point statement, which constituted Part I of the 1842 Pencil Sketch (Draft A, 1842). This he revised on the text with extensive use of insertions to produce Draft B, 1842/1844. This he copied and enlarged (Chapter 1 of Draft C, 1842/1844). Finally, he reorganized and rewrote Chapter 1 of Draft C into Part I, Chapter I of the 1844 Essay. A privileged position among these documents belongs to Chapter 1 of Draft C. It is not merely transitional between Draft B and the Essay of 1844: it is the transition. 428

·         In the summer of 1842 Darwin composed Part I of his Pencil Sketch (Draft A). This was a very simple statement of his essential views, but there was far more to be said on the subject. And some of this, such as blending inheritance and the role of external conditions in causing variation, was extremely problematic. He continued to tinker with Draft A, making extensive revisions and additions in 1842 and probably thereafter. The result was Draft B. In the spring of 1844 he once again turned to his Pencil Sketch and found Part I was barely legible, impossible to follow, and incomplete. Rather than start from scratch again, he set out to recopy Draft B. To help fred his way through Draft B, he numbered the paragraphs in his copy. As he copied, he enlarged. The result was the 14-page Chapter 1 of Draft C. In effect he had begun to write the 1844 Essay proper. In the course of revision Draft C was reorganized: the order of presentation was rearranged and section 9 was retained and incorporated into Chapter I of the 1844 Essay. 428-9