Bennett

Bennett 2007 - Epistemicide! A tale of a predatory discourse

• Authorative plain style, predatory discourse, academic way: Nasce com a cisão entre fato e ficção pós iluminismo. Grande influência mundial. Proficiência nele é necessária para o sucesso. Motiva um indústria de ensino baseada em cursos e manuais de estilo.
• Dá uma série de referências que discutem a hegemonia e ressaltam a construção social do inglês acadêmico.
• "Discourses encode thus ideology. They encapsulate a particular vision of the world in their very structure and determine what may be thought and said by the communities using them" 153
• Assim, quando um discurso coloniza outro no campo linguístico ocorre o epistemícidio das formas de pensamento expressas em outros discursos.
• Na metáfora militar, tradutores são a polícia de fronteira impedindo a importação de ideologia indesejada. 154
• Epistemicidio:
• Epistemicide works in a number of ways. Knowledges that are grounded on an ideology that is radically different from the dominant one (as in the case of many of the Third World knowledges that Boaventura foregrounds) will by and large be silenced completely. They will be starved of funding, if the hegemonic power controls that aspect (and in the European Union this is increasingly the case); they will remain unpublished, since their very form will be unrecognizable to the editors of journals and textbooks; and they are unable to be taught in schools and universities, thus ensuring their rapid decline into oblivion. 
• Knowledges that are not so distant as to warrant automatic annihilation, having some historical or cultural overlap with the dominant one, are instead bullied or cajoled into an acceptable shape. This is where the translator comes in. Our job is, essentially, to present the alien knowledge in a form that will enable it to be assimilated into one or another of the ready-made categories existing for the purpose, which means ensuring that it is properly structured, that it makes use of the appropriate terminology and tropes – in short, couching it in the accepted discourse. 154
• Bennett afirma que o conhecimento ibérico produzido nas humanidades tem que ser remoldado e extirpado de algumas de suas caracterísiticas para ser aceito no mundo anglófono.
•  the discourse used in this introduction clearly subscribes to a neo-romantic idealistic view of the creative process. Terms such as ‘word-spark’, ‘rekindle’, ‘revelation’, ‘endless quest’, etc., evoke Romantic discourse on divine inspiration, while even relatively banal notions are expressed in emotionally violent language (eg. ‘tears open’; ‘vertiginous’, ‘arousing intense memories’). 
• The syntax is also anything but clear and linear, with a sprouting of subordination that defies translation into a language like English. The last sentence in particular illustrates very well the Portuguese tendency to cultivate verbal foliage that, to English eyes, only obscures the main trunk of the argument. The translation, therefore, does not merely replace one chain of signifiers in Portuguese with another in English. In order to make this text acceptable within the target discourse, I have had to undertake some quite serious alterations that have repercussions on the underlying ideology. 157
• The alterations were necessary because the texts would not have been comprehensible to the English reader otherwise, and as such would not be acceptable for publication in an English language journal. However, during the process of domestication the underlying ideological framework has been largely abolished, to be replaced by the positivist structure inherent to English academic discourse. It is this that allows us to consider this process as epistemicide 158
• Iluminismo e mudança de discurso.
• English academic discourse emerged out of the scientific paradigm that first began to take shape in England in the 17th century (Halliday 1993a), gradually spreading to the social sciences and humanities over the course of the next three hundred years (Wignell 1998, Halliday and Martin 1993:16). The ‘scientific revolution’, as it has come to be known, represented a major shift in attitudes and values. For not only did the focus of knowledge pass from man’s symbolic systems to the outside world, a whole new methodological approach of induction (combining the rational and the empirical) gradually took over from the Aristotelian system of deduction, which had been the basis of university education until then. The copious eloquence and elegant rhetoric valued by the Christian humanists now fell out of fashion, and instead a terse plain style was cultivated as the only appropriate vehicle for the new knowledge (no doubt reflecting the Protestant distrust of ornament and symbols as much as their desire to discover the truth about the world around them). 159
• Talvez remonte a Bacon, mas Halliday coloca em Newton. Nominalização e voz passiva. Plataforma para expansão da filosofia positiva do conhecimento. Surfa no aumento exponencial de prestígio das ciências a partir do XVII. Colonizando outras disciplinas. 160
• Lista os princípios do discurso acadêmico anglófono. Centrados principalmente em economia e objetividade. 161
• No português o discurso das ccs naturais e calcado do ingles, mas nas ciencias humanas permanece o discurso floreado 161.  Isso é consciente dos escritores que alteram seu discurso quando necessário, conforme mostrado em questionário. 163
•  Revolução científica heterogênea, discurso escolástico sobrevive mais tempo em Portugal. Visão do texto como artefato para embelezar e impressionar 163
• Houve pessoas que defenderam o estilo anglófono no socialismo, liberalismo e positivismo. Há também um sentimento de ressentimento com a hegemonia do inglês. 164
• Autocensura antes da tradução. Sistema pede inglês 165-6
• Assim:
• So, even though the subject matter is Portuguese and most of the contributors and editors are too, the traditional Portuguese way of configuring knowledge has been quite spectacularly extinguished in these journals. Lured by the prospect of an international readership and the prestige that comes from publishing abroad, the authors of these articles have voluntarily agreed to collaborate with the hegemonic power in repackaging their culture for foreign consumption. In doing so, they are unwittingly silencing their own collective voice. That is the real tragedy of epistemicide.

Bennett 2007 - Galileo's revenge: ways of construing knowledge and translation strategies in te era of glabalization

• Este é uma versão expandida do primeiro.
• Conto de fadas galileico não mais se sustenta. Melhor em termos culturalistas: embate entre paradigma antropocentrico escolástico e retórico contra a visão cientifica de observação indutiva do conhecimento. O segundo venceu no mundo anglo-saxonico em quase todas as esferas inclusive no discurso que agora segue o authorative plain style de venuti. 172 
• Essa mudança de atitude ficou conhecida como revolução científica, mas foi heterogênea e em alguns lugares. 172-3
• Análise do discurso:
• The notion that discourses might encode ideology in their very structure lies behind the approach to texts known as Critical Discourse Analysis. In this approach, discourse is perceived as a form of social practice, necessarily embedded in the value system of the culture that gave rise to it. Consequently, language is never innocent. The syntax and lexis of the simplest sentence will reveal value choices that relate it synchronically and diachronically to other texts, thus constructing a complex web of interconnections, which, when institutionalized, may form a coherent discourse with its own ideology, history and agenda. The shifting relations between paradigms that we have discussed in the introduction to this essay are thus manifested textually as clashes of discourses, not only between but also within individual works. 173
• Na tradição anglo-sax o conteúdo e a forma são separados. A linguagem é um veículo de entrega. Daí a ideia de tradução e reescrita sem perda.  Segue uma visão de realidade objetiva independente. 174
• No medievo o conhecimento vinha da exegese de textos. Na renascença foi a vez da retórica. O convencimento do leitor era parte do texto. 174
• No XVII começa a mudança ligada a reforma religiosa.
• Excessive ornamentation in all aspects of life, prose style included, began to be distrusted as smacking of superficiality and sophistry; the traditional methodology of the Scholastics came under fire, as did the rhetoric of the humanists, and there were calls for a new kind of knowledge based upon direct observation of nature rather than upon the study of texts. 175
• Bacon sobre aristóteles. Bacon contra os idolos. Contra artíficios humanos que mascaram a natureza. 175
• Retórica de seneca passa a ser a única válida para a ciênca popularizadora, disseminadora da verdade. Há então a separação entre fato e ficção e a hegemonização do ingles academico. 176
• Disciplinas das humanidades passam a ser obrigadas a se tornarem mais científicas e isso ocorre muito com mudanças em seu modo de expressão. Julga-se inclusive quem escreve de outra forma que não a maneira transparente do authorative plain style. 176
• Iberia muito ligada a religiosidade. Consequentemente resistiu as ideias liberais (poucas exceções como Pombal e a primeira republica). Houve uma rebarba da tradição antiga na ibéria com retomada do discurso católico e oposição ao socialismo, lineralimso e positivismo 177-9
• Facismo de catédra em portugal. Elitização da escolarização escolástica. Escrita para impressionar e intencionalmente obscura. O pósmodernismo francês também auuxiliou nisso. 179-81
• Problemas para o tradutor que tem que reduzir uma filosofia de linguagem complexa em uma mais simples incorrendo em epistemicidio. 181
• Algumas diferenças na filosofia de linguagem dos idiomas: palavras como dados e fatos que se associam ao paradigma científico para nós se associam aos vermos dar e fazer que implicam um doador ou um feitor. Eles usam mais voz passiva. Nós temos voz reflexiva que anima sujeitos. Há ainda tendência de copiousness, isto é, discursos floreados menos diretos. 182-3
• Apresenta vários estudos de caso. Ressalta o poder que o mundo anglo-saxão tem de rejeitar textos portugueses.
• This suggests a certain blurring of the boundaries between the two paradigms in some circles; or that the anthropocentric paradigm today is more receptive to the aims and methods of science than it was in Galileo’s day. Certainly, as my other examples have shown, it is much more receptive to science than the scientific paradigm is to non-science, which illustrates better than anything the shift in the balance of power that has taken place over the past 500 years. Bolstered by capitalism and technology, the scientific worldview at present determines what may legitimately be considered as knowledge, and its gatekeepers, in the form of scientific journals, conference organizers and (dare we say it!) translators, ensure that aliens are either domesticated or kept out. 191
• "no one is ever definitely proved right. Theories come and theoris go ... If we look carefully at the system in which we presently live, we can see signs of weakening in the dominant paradigm." 192

Bennett 2010 - Academic discourse in Portugal: a whole different ballgame?

• Distinguishing discourse feature do portugues: personal references; gerunds; framing devices; deferred topic; complex syntax; verbless sentences; multiple negative constructions; historical tenses; poetic, figurative or  high-flown diction; poetic or philosophical quotations; abstractions
• Algumas disciplinas, especialmente nas humanas, desenvolveram hábitos de discurso bem diferentes do EAD. 29
• Três tipos de discurtso: estilo moderno; o estilo "tradicional"; e o estilo "pós-moderno".
• Desdobramentos:
•  there may be something of a power struggle going on at present between the ‘traditional’ discourse of Portuguese academia and the ‘modern’ style, calqued on the hegemonic EAD model, which is clearly in the ascendancy
• teachers cannot take for granted that the principles of positivism and empiricism encoded into EAD are necessarily shared by their students. Given the centrality of the humanistic paradigm in Portuguese culture, learners from the humanities and social sciences may instinctively adhere to an idealist or constructivist paradigm of knowledge, which takes as its startingpoint the impossibility of knowing anything outside the sign system. Hence, they may view as naive English attempts to be objective and factual, favouring instead a rhetorical style that emphasizes the interpersonal dimension above the referential.
• learners may now be under pressure to publish in international journals, which places them in a complex ideological situation. The internal conflict they face far surpasses technical questions associated with writing style to encompass questions of identity and value, as well as fundamental philosophical orientation.
• e incompatibility of paradigms. EAP practitioners need to consider the extent to which it is actually possible to present the results of research conducted within one epistemological framework in the terms of a discourse that evolved to serve another. Given EAD’s categorical rejection of discourse features that do not reflect its positivistic and empirical bias, foreign humanities scholars are frequently obliged to relinquish their whole epistemological outlook in order to construe their work in a form that is publishable in English. For a discourse that aspires to be the international lingua franca of the academic world, this is a shocking indictment. ...  ‘loosen up’ the hegemonic discourse 31

Bennett 2010 - Academic writing practices in Portugal: survey of humanities and social science researchers

• Questionários
• Main take aways
• Nas disciplinas das humanidades há uma tendência maior em considerar o EAD e o PAD como diferentes.
• A internacionalização da pesquisa é uma faca de dois gumes.
• Hegemonia do inglês está ligada a sua estrutura e a dominaçã1 anglosaxonica, contudo essa percepção não é completamente homogênea.
• Maioria publicou em inglês, embora alguns justifiquem não terem publicado em inglês por especificidades de suas áreas de conhecimento ou por não se sentirem confiantes. Muitos escrevem em ingles, traduzem ou contratam tradutores.
• the traditional dichotomy between Source Language/Original and Target Language/Translation does not really hold for academic discourse. In between these two extremes we have a wehole range of intermediate texts: .... Moreover, the author/translator dichotomy is also undermined by the fact that many differente poeple may have intervend in the text before the final version is reached. 206-7
• Translation is no longer a binary activity involving tweo people (Author adn Translator) and two texts (Source texct r Original, and Target Text or Translation). Rather it is a complex process in which many different peopkle may intervene, and where the publishable version may occupy any position along a cline between the fully Sour-ceCulture-oriented text and the fully Target-Culture-oriented text. 208
• Inglês é mais restritivo e direto.
• Consenso da dualidade inglês-português como científico não científico. Portugues filosofico vs ingles cientifico.
• Não percebem discurso, mas uma diferença nas línguas. Hegemonização do inglês vai se completando.

Bennett 2011 - The scientific revolution and its repercussions on the translation of technical discourse

• Foco na revolução científica.
• Crava em Bacon e seu "think things no twords". Nascimento da linguagem focada em substantivos que apaga o subjetivo. 190-1
• Bacon substitui aristóteles 192-3
• Novo discurso pede transparência de linguagem (retórica anti-cicerônica, ), raciocínio lógico (que envolve nominalização, a reformulação de frases clausais em frases substantivais) e regramatização (nominalização, voz passiva).
• Desenvolvimento da lingua e da ciência
• Despite the prevalence of legitimizing myths that depict modern science as the culmination of a universal evolutionary process, this position is difficult to sustain today. Historical studies such as those described above have shown that it developed in a very particular social context, and that its discourse encodes the ideology (positivism, empiricism, linguistic realism) of the group that spawned it.5 Its supposed neutrality is thus no more than a linguistic construct, and the ‘universality’ that it currently enjoys might mask “a drift towards Anglo- Saxon norms” (House 2006:354), i.e., a form of cultural colonization that may ultimately result in the suppression of other ways of construing knowledge. However, with this particular kind of ‘linguistic imperialism’ (Phillipson 1992, Pennycook 1994) in most cases, the host culture actively colludes in the colonization process in order to partake of the benefits that membership of the broader discourse community will bring.6 Those benefits are ample. Mastery of scientific discourse not only enables researchers to participate on the international stage, bringing individual prestige, status and funding, but the close connections between science, technology and industry also mean that scientific research generates wealth for the country. Thus, there are many reasons why a country might be prepared to jettison its own traditional approach to knowledge in the context of the global economy. 195
• A trad tem, assim, efeitos práticos no desenvolvimento da língua e da ciência de uma cultura periférica
• As regards the time frame and transmission mechanisms involved in the exportation process, these vary considerably in accordance with host culture receptivity and conditions. For example, China seems to have begun systematically translating Western science in the second half of the 19th century in order to gain access to its technology,7 and by the mid 20th century, had already developed all the linguistic resources to function as an autonomous medium for scientific enquiry. That is to say, it had not only developed the capacity for nominalization considered so central for the scientific construal of reality (Halliday and Martin 1993), but had also evolved something akin to the English ‘plain style’, thereby undermining traditional attitudes towards the appropriate register for scholarship (Wright 2000/2009:282-83). By the late 20th century, according to Halliday and Martin (1993:9), it was hard to find “truly convincing differences” between the discourses of science in English and Chinese. 
• This contrasts markedly with the situation found in Arabic where original scientific production is extremely scarce (Campbell 2005:32).8 The “zero patronage” of science afforded by Arab states (Salam 1989:xi) has resulted in a situation in which “scientific discourse is a translation activity, as Arabic is usually a target language, and creation and reasoning are done in another language” (Farghal and Shunnaq 1999:210). Hence, Arab translators, who are now in increasing demand due to the rapid influx of technologies into oilrich nations, are finding themselves effectively having to create the discourse themselves, a particularly challenging exercise given the almost total absence of any underlying frame of reference (Al-Hassnawi 2009). 
• With regards to European languages, it is perhaps even more difficult to establish precise time frames and directions of influence because of the close interactions that have always existed between these cultures and the complexity of the transmission mechanisms involved. However, with regard to the export of English discourse patterns, there often seems to have been two distinct stages to the calquing process: firstly an unintentional stage, where it occurs as a by-product of translation and/or imitation, and secondly, a phase where it is consciously imposed by host culture authorities through codification and education. Each of these stages is considered in more detail below. 195-6
• Acontece no italiano, francês, espanhol e alemão também. 197
• Calquing gerando hybrid texts e importando caracte´risticas linguistica 197-8
• Codification: Quando o sistema colonizado passa a reproduzir as importações por coerção de manuais de estilo e cursos. 198
• Processo depdnetende da força das culturas envovlidadas e afinidade lingu´stica. 199
• Portugal no XVII seguiu a tradção católica de conhecimento e discurso escolástico. Desafiado por estrangeirados como Verney do Verdadeiro método de estudar e Antero de Quental do Bom senso e bom gosto que seguiam uma tradição mais próxima a bacon. Janelas de ciencia apenas com pombal e na priemeira republica. 200-1
• Resultados empiricos mostram importação em ação, com as ciências duras bem colonizadas e as humanas mais resitentes não necessáriamente envolvendo trad. 201
• Dá estudos de caso de nominalização e voz passiva. Contudo ainda há resitência do discurso tradicional.
• Thus, at any given moment  in time, it will be possible to find examples of Portuguese texts that are almost perfect calques of English alongside others that have assimilated only some of its features. Dealing with these differences is one of the biggest challenges facing the translator of science texts. 207
• Na conclusão expressa o medo da monocultura  a longo prazo.

Bennett 2013 - English as a Lingua Franca in Academia

• Cita Ammon 2001 e Gizycki como referencias para o triunvirato linguistic pré hegemonia do ingles. 170
• Acordo de Bologna 170
• Ciências duras publicam mais em inglês. Aprendem em inglês. Gramática é mais simples. Humanidades é o contrário. 170
• Epistemícidio como resultado da incomensurabilidade de paradigmas de discuso. 171
• Importação do inglês calqueado em livros textos pouco reescritos devido ao prestígio. Importação gramática. 171
• Hegemonia do inglês
• In short, the undisputed dominance of English as lingua franca of academia has resulted in translation strategies that give priority to that language whatever the direction of transmission. That is to say, texts translated into English have to be heavily domesticated in order to ensure publication, while translations out of English tend to stick very closely to the original. Both strategies serve to reinforce the dominance of English by erasing the particularities of the other discourse, effectively silencing alternative forms of construing knowledge. 171
• Discorda que o inglês acadêmico é um subset distinto que exime o autor de dominar totalmente as regras gramaticais. 172
• Resumo do surgimento e hegemonização do inglês com algumas quotes legais e atualizações.
• Estudos de caso.
• Perigos da calque. 178
• Foucault discute como o discurso constroi o mundo, logo é um estudo de caso interessante para a tradução. 180-2 Há também os efeitos da celebridade e outras pressões sobre a coisa 182-3
• Critica a falta de pragmaticidade das abordagens para resolver os problemas da hegemonia 179-80, 184. Divide-se em:
• Critical analysis 185
• Writing skills 186
• Mediation and negotiation 
• Conclusão
• Hence, academics everywhere are coming under increased pressure to adopt the dominant discourse or risk exclusion from the international academic community ... This, then, is the very epitome of a hegemony, a form of power that spreads not through force or coercion but by using culture to disseminate a particular worldview, until its premises, which are inevitably partial and contingent, appear natural, obvious and incontestable. 188
• ... translation has the potential to become a tool for social change. Operating at the interface of cultures, translators are particularly aware of the disjunctions that exist with regard to how knowledge is construed and transmitted. This means that they are uniquely placed to raise awareness of these issues amongst stakeholders on both sides of the language divide. However, given the power and prestige of the dominant paradigm, most stakeholders are ill-prepared to receive resistant translation strategies of the type advocated by these TS scholars. Instead, such interventions are likely to be perceived as a sign of translator or authorial incompetence, and texts thus treated will be refused admission to the most influential journals. Consequently, they will remain unknown; their authors will suffer career setbacks, and the translator’s professional reputation may be tarred. I have suggested here that the process should be approached in a much more gradual way by focusing first and foremost upon consciousness-raising and de-reification of the dominant discourse. In particular, concerted strategies in the field of translator education that incorporate a critical approach to texts, combined with training in intercultural mediation, may help make the problem more visible and prepare the ground for a new form of praxis that does not blindly subscribe to the values and worldview of the dominant culture. This will necessarily be a very slow process. But it is worth attempting if only to halt the otherwise inexorable slide towards an epistemological monoculture. 189

Bennett 2015 - Towards an epistemological monoculture: mechanisms of epistemicide in European research publication

• Domain loss or language change 2
• Halliday e Maritin 1993, Foucault 2002 e Santos 1995
• Overt vs covert rhetoric 4-5
• Pressões da hegemonia 5-6
• What counts in today’s world, it would seem, is the ability to generate wealth, directly or indirectly, and forms of knowledge that have no obvious applications in this domain are gently allowed to fall by the wayside. 6
• Mecanismos de epistemícidio: Discursivos (editores e revisores) 8 e não discursivos (publish or perish e pressões daí decorrentes intensificadas pela neoliberalização mundial; "literacy brokers", agentes de tradução e epistemícidio para o exterior; impact factors and citation indexes; peer reviewing; funding) 15-9
• Estudos de caso  agora dividos em categorias: the uncategorisable text; the domesticated text; the undomesticated text.
• Em defesa da diversidade epistemológica deve ser elevada a consciencia sobre a questão mesmo que alguns membros do sistema não se importem com a hegemonia 20-2 
• Critica contudo a teoria radical como pouco pratica:
• I would suggest that a less radical approach may be more effective in both the teaching and translation of academic discourse in order to avoid alienating the people we most want to reach. The aim at this stage would merely be to open people’s minds to the possibility that other ways of construing knowledge might exist, without compromising the short-term goals of those that need to operate within the system for their very economic survival. 22
• Trads como possiveis mediadores. Linguistas devem ficar a atentos e alertar quanto ao empobrecimento do idioma. 23

Bennett 2015 - Translation on the semi-periphery: Portugal as cultural intermediary in the transportation of knowledge

• Portugal e outros países de semiperiferia como buffers e mediam mudanças. 3
• São translator per excelence, como no caso da irlanda moderna e do movimento de tradução árabe do século xii. 4
• Análise de tradução na produção portuguesa de historia da ciencia. 5
• Dificil definir traduções entre adaptações, resumos, popularizações e multiplas publicações. Por conseguinte, dificil definir autor/tradutor e sour/target. Fica algo no meio disso tudo 5
• Seculos xv-xvi
• Mesmo no auge Pt ainda era uma semiperiferia geográfica e epistemologicamente. 6
• In the field of translation, a similar duality emerges. There are example sof sicentific texts by prestigous dforeing authors being tranalted into portugues drom latin (for example, ...), and also of adaptations for educational purposes (such as...). On the other hand, there was also a considerable amount of activitu going in the opposite direction. Garcia de Orta's major work on Oriental plants and their medicinal properties, written in Portuguese (...) was published in latin by Charles de L'Escluse and translated into Spanish by Crisóvão da Costa; [outro exemplo traduzido para latim, inglês, francês e holandès e ainda outro para 59 línguas] 7-8
• Portugal também teve um papel importante para línguas não europeia  especialmente com os judeus que conseguiram ficar por lá mais tempo e com traduções para o chinês feitas pelos jesuítas.  8
• xvii-xviii
• Jesuítas foram muito importantes para a cc portuguesa. Contudo, na contra reforma tomaram as universidades e prmaneceram num ensino conservador. Foi assim atém Pombal que rompeu com o escolasticismo 9
• Estrangeirados, homens cosmopolitas dentro e fora de portugal. 10 Exemplos excelentes na 11-12
• Portugal semiperiferia na europa, mas metropole para o Brasil 12
• xix-xx
• Conselho de vaticano de 1870 proibe o racionalismo, liberalismo e materialismo 13
• Sobre Darwin:
• It is significant, for example, that darwinism did not make much of an impact in the contry (the Origin of Species was only translated into Portuguese in 1910, though there were a few French translations circulating at the end of the 19th century). Indeed, it as the social darwinism of haeckel and Spencer that had most impact in Portugla, reflecting the growin spitit of conservatism and nationalims that ultimately culminated in the establishment of the Estado novo in 1926. 13
• CC portuguesa circulava em torno dos interesses e necessidades coloniais. Para evitar a censura publicava-se traduções. Naturalistas viajavam para outros lugares. 13-4
• a partir de 74
• Fim da ditadura em 74 e ingresso na UE em 86. Traduções em massa de livros texto e criação de terminologia. Crescimento do Br 15
• Tradução é uma questão importante na nova onda de celebrar conhecimentos periféricos e não hegemônicos. 16
• Estudo de caso de importancia da trad na cc e importância do ressalto da diferença em pesquisa sposmodernas. 16-17
• Portugal sempre foi um mediador de conhecimento entre o centro e a periferia. As vezes muda a direção. Demanda pelo portugues aumentou com a ascenção do Brasil 17

Bennett 2018 - Translation and the desacralization of the Western World: from performativity to representation

• Maior parte do texto é sobre tradução bíblica, mas a parte sobre o triunfo do representacionalismo é muito boa (107-112)
• Porém parece haver indícios de um retorno a intraduzibilidade.