Holmes (1972)

Name and Nature of Translation Studies

1.1

Baseando-se em Hagstrom: como nasce uma ciência? Um novo problema chama atenção de vários campos e então é anexado por um deles OU percebe-se que esse problema precisa de soluções próprias. Da tensão entre campos surgem canais de comunicação e utopia disciplinar.

1.2

At first glance, the resulting situation today would appear to be one of great confusion, with no consensus regarding the types of models to be tested, the kinds of methods to be applied, the varieties of terminology to be used. More than that, there is not even likemindedness about the contours of the field, the problem set, the discipline as such. Indeed, scholars are not so much as agreed on the very name for the new field.

1.3

Os canais de comunicação ainda passam pelas áreas antigas espalhando os artigos (mas e Babel e Meta?).

2.1-2.3

Mas outros problemas são o nome e a falta de consenso quanto ao escopo e estrutura da disciplina.
Quanto ao nome:

translation > "map is not the territory" 2.1
Translation theory (übersetzungstheorie) > limitado 2.21
Ubersetzungwissenschaft > "not all wissenschaften can properly be called sciences" e tem conotação naturalista 2.22
Studies mais próximo do campo das humanidades 2.3

3-3.1

(Translation studies is to be understood as a collective and inclusive designation for all research activities taking the phenomena of translating and translation as their basis or focus 3

(1) to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience, and (2) to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted. 3.1 (DTS e TTh, respectivamente)

3.11-3.113

Product-oriented: describes existing translation > The starting point for this type of study is the description of individual translations, or text-focused translation description. A second phase is that of comparative translation description, in which comparative analyses are made of various translations of the same text, either in a single language or in various languages. Such individual and comparative descriptions provide the materials for surveys of larger corpuses of translations, for instance those made within a specific period, language, and/or text or discourse type. > possibly general history of translations 3.111
Function oriented: contexto em vez de texto > counter themes > could lead to translation sociology 3.112
Process-oriented: Black-box mind of the translator > pouco estudo > translation psychology 3.113

3.12-3.123

in using the results of descriptive translation studies, in combination with the information available from related fields and disciplines, to evolve principles, theories, and models which will serve to explain and predict what translating and translations are and will be. ... The ultimate goal of the translation theorist in the broad sense must undoubtedly be to develop a full, inclusive theory accommodating so many elements that it can serve to explain and predict all phenomena falling within the terrain of translating and translation, to the exclusion of all phenomena falling outside it. 3.12-3.121
Partial theories: Medium restricted, area-restricted, rank-restricted, text-type restricted; time-restricted; problem-restricted. 3.1221-3.1226

3.2-3.24

Translator training; translation aids; translation policy; translation criticism.

3.31

3.32

Duas dimensões, "both of which are virgin territory": histórica e meta-teórica > let the meta-discussion begin

what methods and models can best be used in research in the various branches of the discipline (how translation theories, for instance, can be formed for greatest validity, or what analytic methods can best be used to achieve the most objective and meaningful descriptive results),

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