van Wyhe 2007; Richards 1983

 

The delayed advent of Darwin's delay

• A fresh analysis of Darwin’s manuscripts, letters, publications and the writings of those who knew him intimately shows the story to be quite different from one of a lifetime of avoiding publication. It will be demonstrated that Darwin’s delay is a historiographical theme of quite recent date and unknown not only to Darwin and his contemporaries but also to generations of writers after them. Furthermore, this theme is not the product of the greater knowledge of Darwin produced by modern historical scholarship since the 1960s. Modern writers inherited Darwin’s delay from earlier writers who did not have access to the full manuscript corpus.
• A noção de delay é pós 1940s. O tempo que Darwin levou era considerado normal. Não aparece em Francis. Wyhe traça a trajetória desse mito até R. E. D. Clark em 1948, seguido de muitos outros.
• O medo da recepção era o principal fator elencado, aparecendo em Gruber e outros psicanalistas. Também na análise externalista política de Desmond.
• Cita muitas refs audiovisuais.
• Contra argumento de citações recomendação de não publicação em 182, 1 paragrafo.
• Não há evidência de que o Vestiges tenha tido algum efeito. Darwin n acha Chambers grandes coisas e suas notas sugerem mais um meio de enfrentar críticos do que medo deles.
• Muitos pesquisadores afirmam que os 20 anos entre as primeiras ideias e a publicação eram necessários.

Was it a secret?

• Não era secreta. Na verdade tem bastante correspondência sobre entre os mais próximos a Darwin. Mesmo que nenhum fosse transmutacionista.

The strongest objections against the theory

• Darwin estava consciente do potencial de rejeição de sua teoria. Mas ele não mostrava sinais de não enfrentar o público.

What delay?

• Na autobiografia Darwin menciona o Delay, mas Wyhe diz que há duas interpretações para essa palavra: tempo até a publicação, apenas; ou tempo em que ele ativamente evitou publicar. 186 
• Darwin não sobrepunha projetos distintos.
• Há várias análises do uso semântico das palavras nos documentos, aqui foi com "delay", mas teve outra antes. Bem curioso.
• Muitos outros trabalhos demoraram a sair.

Filling the gap

• Nos primeiros anos não era sua prioridade. Tinha que cuidar das publicações do Beagle.
• From his letters it is possible to see that throughout the time that he was musing on transmutation, Darwin foresaw his current commitments as extending long into the future. He expected, as he wrote to his fiance´e, Emma Wedgwood, in November 1838, to be tied to London for ‘rather more than’ three years to come.80 He spent ‘October–November preparing scheme of Zoology of Voyage of Beagle, commenced Geology & finished proofs of Journal—Paper on Worms forming mould’.81 In February 1838 he ‘Finished St. Helena & small islands in Atlantic. Also speculated much about “Existence of Species” & read more than usual.’82 Mostly he worked on Zoology and Geology and occasionally, as he noted in June 1838, ‘some little species theory’.83 In May he estimated to his sister that his Beagle publications would require hard work ‘for the next two or three years’.84 In September he noted, ‘Frittered these foregoing days away on working on Transmutation theories’.85 186
• Contra argumento prejudices em 187
• It is impossible to read over the thousands of pages of Darwin’s loose notes from the early 1840s with endless detailed questions about distribution, inheritance, hybridity or the fossil record and expect that publication could occur in the near future. This material demonstrates that Darwin intended to uncover a vast body of evidence about many particular points in support of his general conclusions. The specificity of his queries together with their enormous range equal a research programme of great ambition and vast scope, and not one to be concluded in a few months or even a year or two. 187
• Estava escrevendo o livro dos vulcões (finalizado em 1844) e um paper. Após isso se deixou escrever o essay de 1844. 188
• Vestiges publicado em outubro de 1844, fair copy do essay feita em setembro.
• So in July 1844 Darwin had written a lengthy essay outlining his theory of transmutation ‘with no intention of publication in its present form’. And publication, intended for some unnamed future date, would first require ‘considerable time’ for ‘correcting and enlarging and altering’. The fair copy was intentionally left with plenty of margins and empty pages for further revision. This was not a finished work. The manuscript has many pencil corrections and alterations by Darwin and comments by Emma.101 Six years later Darwin referred to it as ‘my rude speciesZsketch’. 188
• Nesse mesmo mês escreveu 2 papers e começou a geologia do beagle.
• Muitas cartas atestam que só publicaria muitos anos dali, esta em busca de melhores ideias e apresentações.
• Finalizou o geologia em abril de 45. 2 ed do Journal of researches em agosto.
• Refs transmutacionistas no 2ed JR: C. Darwin, Journal of researches, 2nd edn (Murray, London, 1845), pp. 52, 173, 380, 393, passim. Além do seguinte Paper.
• It is crucial to bear in mind that before starting his theory of the origin of species Darwin was fully committed to and embedded in a major series of editing and publishing efforts devoted to his Beagle specimens and experiences. Between 1839 and 1846 Darwin brought out 10 books. There were the two editions of his Journal of researches, five massive volumes of the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, which he planned, edited and contributed to, the three volumes on the geology of the Beagle voyage (including his theory of coral reefs) and he made 20 contributions to periodicals. A final volume on invertebrates was planned for the Zoology series, which Darwin planned to write himself. 189-190

Barnacles

• Faltava os invertebrados. Assunto que D gostava muito mas não havia mais dinheiro do governo. Acreditava que poderia voltar a se dedicar as sps em 1853. Contudo o trabalho foi aumentando.
• e. This would mean that he believed, in October 1848, that his barnacle work would be finished by October 1850 or 1851.  Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? If we add his five years of projected species work to this date we come to the period when Darwin believed his barnacle work would defer species work: instead of 1853 it would be 1855 or 1856. 191-2
• I hate a Barnacle as no man ever did before 192
• Começou os experimentos por volta de 1854-5. Começou a escrever em 1856.
• Darwin had in mind a great scientific treatise like Lyell’s classic three-volume Principles of geology (1830–33).150 By the spring of 1858 Darwin had completed more than 10 chapters covering two-thirds of the topics later discussed in Origin of species. 151 The fateful letter from Wallace arrived in June 1858 containing a draft essay that proposed a strikingly similar theory for the origin of species.152 193
• So it is fair to say that by 9 September 1854, when Darwin began sorting his species notes, he had begun his full-time species work. The ‘big book’ would probably have been finished by 1860.153 This is about eight years beyond Darwin’s 1845 estimate of when he would publish his theory. And the difference between these two dates is identical to the amount of time spent working on barnacles and lost to ill health. Thus the gap is filled. 193

Not finished, not delayed.

• Muito trabalho necessário ainda em 1844
• Problema da divergencia e dos insetos neutros (ver Richards para o segundo). Muitos experimentos.

Conclusion

• O tempo não parecia ser problema para os contemporâneos
• Sobre o descent
• We do know, for example, that Darwin planned not to publish his views on the origins of humans because the times were not ripe. He tells us so twice, once in his autobiography and in the opening lines of the Descent of man (1871):169 
• During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. . Now the case wears a wholly different aspect. . In consequence of the views now adopted by most naturalists, . I have been led to put together my notes.. 170 
• His thoughts on humans were held back, and indeed it is only the M and N notebooks (which dealt with these subjects) that Darwin marked as ‘Private’ on the covers in the 1830s. 196
• Nem no Origin D sentiu que precisava explicar algum Delay.
• Transmutação não era tão tabu assim.
• the danger of confirmation bias lurks over historians just as much as scientists, if not more so. Once we, as historians, come to believe a story, it is easy to find apparent confirmations and, when the evidence contradicts it, difficult to let it go. 198

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RICHARDS

 Fala sobre o metier do historiador da cc e os motivos que levam a certos assuntos serem mais estudados que outros. Internalismo vs externalismo e os diferentes modelos que os fundamentam.

Sobre a questão dos insetos:

• In reading several natural theological discussions of animal instinct in the early 1840s, Darwin came upon one particular example that the natural theologians made much of-the “wonderful” instincts of worker bees and slave-making ants. Only God, they argued, could have endowed the hive bee with a geometer’s knowledge of how to construct perfect hexagonal cells, or Formica rufescens with the gentleman’s unerring sense of what other species would make the best domestic servants.21 What struck Darwin about these instincts-actually whole sets of related innate behaviors-was that they were exhibited by sterile castes of insects. The account of instinctive behavior on which he had been working in the early 1840s-which likened the fixed patterns of instinct to anatomical structures and argued that both could be explained by natural selection-seemed precluded for neuter insects, since they left no progeny that could inherit profitable variations. 
• That this quickly loomed as a critical difficulty for the validity of his theory of evolution by natural selection can be fairly estimated from the annotations Darwin left in the margins of those natural theological treatises he was reading in the 1840~.~~ Moreover, in the Origin of Species, he stated flatly that he initially thought the problem of instincts of neuter insects “fatal to my whole theory." This was precisely the kind of stumbling block-a conceptual failure at the heart of his theory-that would cause him to hesitate in publishing his views. 
• Manuscript evidence indicates that Darwin discovered this difficulty in 1843.24 Shortly thereafter he attempted to construct several possible explanations compatible with the theory of natural selection. But these were weak, and he knew it. In his 1844 essay Darwin sketched several potential objections to his theory, and then, with a soft note of triumph, proceeded to answer them. Conspicuously absent, however, was any mention of that difficulty he thought fatal to his theory-he had no explanation for it. Further evidence shows that the problem of neuter insects continued to plague him. In 1848 he composed a four-page manuscript detailing the problem of the instincts of neuter insects, and concluded that it was “the greatest special difficulty I have met with." 
• Even after Darwin sat down, in 1856, to begin work on a manuscript that would be, he hoped, the definitive description and justification of his theory of evolution by natural selection, he still had not settled on one explanation of the wonderful instincts of social insects. In fact, he proposed several, only one of which contained elements of what we now accept as the correct explanation-kin selection: the idea that selection does not work on the individual, but on the whole hive or nest in competition with other communal groups of the same species. Darwin came to recognize the solution to his difficulty and to flesh it out only in late December of 1857, as he wrote what would become the chapter on instinct in the Origin ofSpecies.26 In the very act of writing the chapter, he resolved the difficulty he regarded as threatening the existence of his theory. In the explanation of Darwin’s delay, much conceptual weight must thus be given to his struggles with the wonderful instincts of neuter insects. And this, I believe, is a good part of the solution to an interesting problem in the history of science. 51-2