Gruber 1981

 

DARWIN ON MAN

Prefácio

• Falta estudo do desenvolvimento do Descent em especial. Foco é os notebooks e o homem neles. xvii 

Chapter I - Public versusu private knowledge

• ... Darwin, from his very first musings on evolution onward, viewed man as part of the web of evolutionary change. 20
• Reflexão biológica antes do insight malthusiano 21
• Nada de Baconian principles. Processo de iluminação recíproca que ia e voltava em teoria e observação. 23
• Celebrou Lindley ter notado os parágrafos "evolucionistas" no Journey 24 n5
• Fala de homem em todas as notas, esboço e ensaio. Mas mais nos cadernos M e N 29
• Três diferenças em relação ao Origin: 1) evidência a partir de comportamento humano torna óbvio que o homem deveria fazer parte da teoria; 2) usa muito a herança de caracteres adquiridos para mente; 3) materialismo explícito quanto a mente 29-30
• NS
• Mental powers and instincts: referências ao homem e mais profundidade ao discutir instinto. 30
• Darwin não queria escrever sobre o descent of man, tentou passar notas para Wallace, mas nenhum dos livros de seus aliados o agradou. Na verdade o decepcionaram. 31-2 Explicações em uma carta para Candolle e na intro do Descent 33
• There is, naturally, a strong interaction between these two facotrs [fear of reception and unfinshed work]. ife he saw hunself as having a finshed theory invulnerable to legitimate criticism, withholding publicaion would bemerely defensive, justt delaying the moment of coming befot ehte bar of public opinion. If, however, he saw his work as incomplete in fundamental respects, the delay would make sense as a constructive move. Publicly, he could present the part of his work that was well developed, and hope to carry at least some of his readers with him. Privately, restraint would give him th etime ansd the protection from cirticis necessary to go on working serenely, deepning his argument and finding effectuve ways of presenting it. 33-4

Chapter 2 - The threat of persecution

• Questão metodológica de ideias vitoriosas e perdedoras 35
• Threat of persecution aparece a partir do caderno C com a menção aos astronomos. 40
• Faculdades mentais calcadas nas características (herdáveis) do cérebro. 41

Chapter 3 - A family weltanschauung

• Paralelos com Erasmus: metafilia 48, pansexualismo 49, adaptação, design e invenção 52, luta pela vida 54, Nature worship and natural teleology 56, Education and the sources of knowledge 60, Visão social e ética 63, Ética utilitária 64, Compaixão pelos seres vivos 65, Anti-escravagismo 65,
• Interpretação historiográfica positiva de luta pela vida, leva a cooperação não a guerra 54-5 This teleogical view does not marry well with the iamge of destructive warfare 56
• Metodologia de Darwin
• Even the way he read a book - often annotating it heavely, preparing his own index of interestin passages, breaking it in hal at the binding if it was too heavy, stoppin to wrti about it in his notebooks - shows a man at work using books as tools for hetting knowledge, not as exhibitions of knolwdge already crystallized. 62 Parace até indutivo mas sempre tem alguma base teórica 62-3
• Problema do mal, felicidade impera tanto para Erasmus quanto para Charles 64-5
• Charles Darwin was never systematically involved in political affairs .... [in] an age of revolutions [american civil war included] .... Ideas become weapons in social struggles when they undermine established ways of thinking specually ideas embracin a world in flux. / Natural theology was repeated exploited to justify the existing social order as part of a divinely created natural order. 69-70
• Questão com marx e engels 71-2

Chapter 4 - Darwin's teachers

• Importânvia da poesia. 75
• Lyell e Sedgewick 93

Chapter 5 - The constrction of a new point of view

• Uniformitarismo de Lyell. 99
• Semelhanças metodol´gicas entre a teria dos corais e da evo: principio de crescimento populacional, abordagem da geologia e geração contínua de formas. 102
• Mônadas. Primeira teoria de Darwin. Logo Darwin abandonaria a origem da vida.
• In a changin world, specie smust change in order to remains adapted; speceis is to remain approximately constant. The first requirement would be satisfied if monads -ie, simple living forms  - appeared through spontaneous generation from inanmate matter and eveld as the result of direct environmental influences. The second requierement would be satisfied if, ina manner analogous o the death of individual orgasnisms, the monad had a limited life span. 103
• Perpetual becoming. Segunda teoria.
• Darwin gave up the notio of a ficed monad life span and substitued the idea that a species, like an individual, survives in its progeny. Thus, a species lives on if, and only if, it gives rise to toher species - that is, if it changes. If not, it dies. 103
• Passou a tentar entender as causas de variação e hereditariedade dos hábitos.já em 1838 dando origem aos cadernos M e N. 103-4
• Materialismo aplicado ao homem. 104
• Seleção natural e Malthus
• this prompted him to recognize that natural selectyion, although it might work against maladaptive variants, could also work in favor of occasional variants which were better adapted than their ancestor to the prevailling conditions under which they must survive. 105
• Completude. Darwin não satisfeito. Demora, causas de variação (muito vagas no Origin) e falha da pangênese. 105-6 Avaliação negativa da ultima edição quanto aos caracteres adquiridos
• slight inconsistent book. In some passages Darwin seems to treat both natural selection and the inheritasnce of acquired characteristics as causes of evolution. In other passages he clarly separates the issues of variation may play a more important role than he formlerly thought as a cause of variation. In still other passages, he questions the occurrence of lamarckian inheritance even as a cause of variation. 106
• Após o abandono dos monadas a branching conception leva a crítica do sistema quinário de MacLeay
• The branching model contains within it the very same formal structure which is the kernel of the Malthsian idea of explisive population growth. The banching diagram depcts an exponetial growth function because it shows a series of successive branchings with an increasing number o f possible branches as distance form the origin (measured in mumber of generations) increases. Darwin never explictily used this way of showing exponential population growth; rather, he used the branching model to show that most of the species that were in some sense possible did not in fact exist - either they were extinct or ther never had existed. This, althought its substance was entirely different, the form of Darwin's early image of the irregularly branching tree of nature foreshadowed his use of the Malthusias principle over a year later. 112
• Hicridação, variação e instintos também levaram a um estudo contínuo que desenvolveram a teoria trazendo o parelelo com seleção artificial e os capítulos de extinto. 112-3

Chapter 6 - Identity and the rate of cognitive change

• Galápagos. Demorou a perceber a importância das ilhas. Apenas em 1837. 117
• Tree of nature >  SN, já presente de certa forma antes de Malthus, assim como a analogia com SA. Enfase em superfecundidade de Malthus. 117-9
• Várias considerações sobre método, observação e teoria 122-3 he almost never collected facts withou some theoretical end in view 173
• Sumário do desenvolvimento
• ... it took Darwin his adolescent years t assimilate the family Weltanschauung that led him from Edinburgh to Cambridge, where he became "the man who walks with Henslow". It took him the five years of the Beagle voyage to revise his thinking about nature, assimlate Lyell's ideas, and develop one highly original theory in which one of these inarian groups, the equilibration schema, played a central role. By the end of that period he was also able t see the dilemma posed byt he conception of a changing world populated with the well-adapted but unchanging organisms. In the fifteen months from the time he posed this issue sharply to humslef, he was able to tuilize the combination of the conservation schema and the equilibration scheme to generate the main outlines o fhis theory of evolution through natural selection.126-7

Chapter 7 - Darwin's first theory of evolution: Monads

• Darwin conhecia evo por Lamarck, Erasmo, Lyell e outros já na viagem. "Darwin must have thought about evolution" [Mas isso é significativo?] 134
• Explicação e esquematização da teoria das monadas. Número constante, tempo de vida, geração espontânea, complexificação, branching tree. Sexual reproduction mantendo equilíbrio atenuando as variações. Mecanismos de isolamento necessários para especiação 135-8
• From a modenr perspective, Darwin's use of monadism in his early theorizing seems bizarre. But in tis historical context it was not so strange. Recurrent spontaneous eneration og living from non living matter was an axcxeptable scientifi idea util Paseur's experiments in 1861. Lamarck, in 1809, had expressed the view that the evolutionary process was everywhere continuouus, receiving daily reinvogaration from the production in anture of the simplest forms. 138
• Man is an animal included in the tree of nature. Mental functions are to be treated on a par witrh other evolutionary problems. 137
• Tempo de vida relacionada a recusa do catastrofismo como forma de extinção 140
• Theory in which change would be conserved. 141
• Depois percebe que Branching implica em extinção constante.
• Then he hits on a new device. He modifies the monadic principle so that it can account for simultaneous extintions when the evidence suggests that they have occurred, or for their absence when the evidence suggests that they have not (B61). He now proposes that the monad has a variable life span, depnding on whether or not it evolves. Just as the individdual dies without a trace unless he leaves progeny, the species dies unless it produces offspring. The offsporng of one species is anothe rspeces: "it ias generation of species like a generation of individuals" (B63). In its own uneasy way, this formulation handles the problem of extinction. Althought still closely tied to the idea of monadism, in its logical form this solution resembles an impotant part of Darwin's ultimate solution of the problem: in many cases the species extinguished becomes the species that extinguished it. But the keynote of struggle which informs the Origin is not yet present..
• In this modified form the principle of monadism has becom truly superfluous: the maor discontinuities it was invoke to explain have directly been treated without monads. The systemic discontinuities follow extinction - have been transformed into the idea of becoming. Once it is admitted that the monad's life span is propostional to the amount of change it undegores, it should follow that perpetual adaptative variation means unbrtojen continuity among living forms, and the monad life spans disappears. 145
• When he began his transmutation notebooks he had not yet recognized that a theory of evolution could be constructed without reference to the origin of life. The monad theory contains the princple of spontaeous eneration. When he began his trasnsmutation notebboks, being reasonbaly ceetain that the appeance of new variants could be explained as direct adaptatoins to changes in the physical miliey, he was cheifly concened eth seaching for a mechanismo of extinction of the old forms; the kernel of mthe monad theory was the species-life-span idea. In 1837 natural selection looked like a conservative principle. Befgore he could see it as an innovative one, he had to re-situate it within the branching model. The monad theory helped hum to develop the branching model. Form there it took him anothwer year to transform the entire strcuture of huis argument so that he could see the creative powrer of natural selection. 149
• Many stages of intellectual growth. 146
• Monadismo foi um erro? Pode-se dizer que sim, mas também foi o que levou ao branching model. 146
• Vários paralelos com Lamarck e Erasmo mas não no sentido de empréstimo ou roubo, mas no sentido de que todos estavam fazendo a mesma coisa. 147-8

Chapter 8 - The changing structure of an argument

• Não faz genealogias, nem nos cadernos nem no Origin. Desiste de procurar a origem de tudo 154-5
• Geração espontânea na concepção no notebook D. Rejeição da geração "do nada". 155
• 3 princípios do caderno E.
• Troca de proposição de conclusão para premissa - variação:
• To move from his starting point in the monad theory to the natural selection theroy, Darwin had to alter his conception of variation in a nmber of ways initially, he postulated adptive variation with an inherent tendency to progress; he came to see that this would be tantamount to a bald statmeent that evolution occurs because it occurs, and not at all an explanation of it. In the final version, varations are not necessarily adaptive - some are usefgul t the organism and favor its chances of survival, others may be useles or harmful, as circmstances dfictarte. In the final version, to account for evolutionary progrerss, variation alone is not enough: it must be couled with selection.
• Initially, Darwin felt that he had a definite exlanation for adfaptive variation. First, variation is necessary if the organism is to remains well adapted to its circumstances, because those circumstancves keep chanign; seocnldy, variations are direct, adaptive response to the changes in the hysical miliey. In the final version, although Darwin still felt a need to explian variation, he was not at all sure of his varios attempts to do so; yet he was willing and able to treat variatio as a premise, as one of the three principles that woud "account for all". 157
• Thus, when we say that Darwin shifted variation from a conclusion to apremise of his argument, we mean more than a mere rearrangmeent of sentences. In the final version, variation was at once something less and something more than in the original. It was less in the sense that it was no longe adaptive varation; the task of ensuring that only adaptive variations find and enduring place in the pantheon of nature was ledt to the process of selection. It was more simply in its numbers; there was far more for selection to work on when the fact of variation was freed from the restraint of being only a response to environmental change: arising from forces within each individual organism, the number of variants from which nature could select was plentiful-almost unlimited. 159-60
• Muita enfase em mecanismos de isolamento. Mudança induzida por ambiente e inbreeding 157
• Variação proporcional a mudança ambientasl,. Passagem do fisicalismo para o interacionimso 158
• Darwin's ideas were a thorough exdpression of interactionism: the development of a new speces is neither an unfolding expression of properties already implanted in the organism nor a direct reflection of the impact of the environment upon it: all development is a uniqe product of the interaction of organism and milieu. 227
• Analogia com SA só no C em 1838, plantas. 166
• Problema de hibridação resolvido nessa época com a especiação natural sendo mais lenta, mais progressiva e mais forte. 166 A blending inheritance e resolvida com isolamento. 167
• Malthus não foi eureka 170
• Darwin had worked his way through and then abandone the monad theory with its attendat premise of spontanoeus generatoin. the ubiquitous trasnformaito of inanimate itonanimate matter was a princople that competed with the superfecundity idea implicit in natural selection. Darwin had then surrendere his theory of perpetual becoming-that is, he had seen that variation by itsefelf could not explain proressiv eeovluton. He had begun at leasdt to doubt that variations are directly adaptive response to environmental forces; if ther were, ther would be no need for selection. He had seen that the amount of variation in anture was very muc grater than previously realized. He had becom aware of Ehrenberg's work showing the dramtic supercundity of micro-organism. He had searched caliantly for the cause of heirtabel varation and although he had not given up the search , he had becom better prepared to treat varation not as the conclusion of a satisfaying argument but as an unexplained premise. Although he had attended to the subject of domestic breeding mainly with the intent of contrasting artificial and natural selection, it seems plausble that this effort may have prepared hum to see the useful analogy between them.
• ...
• What then could Malthus give Charles Darwin that he did not alrady have? Two things. First, a clear statement of the supercundity principel, in its well-konwn, quasi-mathematical form. Secondly, a re-reading ofg the superfecundity pronciple at just the right moment: when Darwin's thought had at last grown to the point where having met natural selection so foten, he could finally recognize it. 173-4 

Chapter 9 - Man's place in Darwin's argument

• M e N: herança de faculdades mentais (incluindo adquirida); continuidade entre homem e animal; psicologia materialista do homem.
• the M and N notebooks represent the interweaving of three themes in Darwin's thought: searching for the source of heritable variation and testing the hypothesis of habits becoming hereditary; marshaling he evidences for psychological continuity between man and other animals; brignin a variety of methods - intrsopective, pathological, experimental, and ddevelopmental, as erll as comparative - to bear on the effort to construct a scientific psychology. Underlying this systematic effor lay Darwin's rapid movemnt toaed a firm decision that only a materialist philosophy of biology could support the whole enterprise. 180-1
• Beagle Diary 77 03/07/1832 como traduziram  os comentários sobre os brasileiros?
• Essential humanity of the black people 181 e dos fueginos Descent 178
• Contudo parace haver escala, embora possa ser civilizada 184-5
• Habits may become hereditary. 186-7
• Long in the blood hypothesis 190
• the behavior and mental activity of the organism may produce changes in its structure; strucutral changes can be inherited; but not every transient act produce sinheritable structural changes, only those hich are often repeated over long periods of time. This idea, that old habtis become heredatry, is a ajor theme of the M and N notebooks. 190
• Confusão terminológica 191
• Quanto ao lamarckismo crescente de Darwin pós origin
• this misses the main point, that for Darwin inheritance of acquired characteristics was a mechanism for dealing with the genetical problem of how variation is introduced into the system and says nothing about evolution per se. In his mains argument, about evolution, Darwina s able to "bracket" variation - that is, to treat it as an unexplained premise. 192-3
• it is too simpe to say thart Darwin became a Lamarckia under the pressure of criticism. He wa in on sese always a Lamarckian, in another sense never. It shod be added that Darwin was uncomfortbale wit the idea of the inheritance of acqueired characteristics because henew of so many exceptions to it, as well as the theoretical difficulties we have already discussed. 193
• Tem uma genealogia de primata 197
• Astronomers and other physics hs 198-200
• Lista de notas desconjuntada fazia sentido frente ao breaching model, não faria uma genealogia mas mostrar exemplos primitivos de psicologia resolvia. 200

Chapter 10 - The Citadel Itself

• Evoluçao no ar, mas havia difereças entre os evolucionistas. 207
• Chega o mais longe de tirar Deus de cena no Variation v2 432, mas ainda deixa espaço para providência. 212
• Man
• Darwin realized that he was dethroning man from his basted place at the pinnacle of Creation in at least three senses: past, penultimate and ultimate futures. Man would no longer hae te divine right of kings; he was born not of god, but of the lower animals. Worse, future evolution might put man in the shade, inferior even in intelligence to some new species tha would evolve, probably out of man. Worst of all, whatever man becomes, Darwin believed that in the end the sun and all the planets will grow too cold to support life 213

Chapter 11 - Darwin as Psychologist

• 1839 Queries respecting the Human race. Já classifica todos os humanos juntos. 222
• Child biography 1877 224 Questões em M7, 51, 58, 101 e N62, 7, 37. Hábitos ou instintos? 228
• Interessado na continuidade evolutiva 233
• No Origin evitou falar sobre o homem. Em 1859 ainda não tinha as evidência que teria no futuro e "in the perspective of history, the chapter on instinct in the Oorigin apears as a comprimse and a adelay. Bu viewed in its contemporary setting, it can be read as a blint and direct attack on the existence of God as supported by the argument from Design", especialmente quando comparado a Paley 234
•  Darwinismo social
• They used Darwin's idea of the struggle for existence to support their view of the pitiless struggle of man against man as a defensible social arrangement among human beings. Ironically, Darwin never intertained such an idea. As I have shown, his conception of the struggle for existence was one of struggle to meet al the conditions of life. it would be entirely in harmony with his thinking to insist that the struggle for survival of the human species must be, in the years to come, a struggle to develop social forms that enhance cooperation and rational, long-term planning for collective end rather than short-sighted, individualistic efforts for private gain. 240

Chapter 12 - Creative thought: the work of purposeful beings

• Metodologia de Darwin 252-3
• Tje fact tja je was all these things [evolutionist, materialist, pigeon breeder] at once meant that a unique and productive intersection of many enterprises could occur in his thinking. At the same time, the existence of this ensemble was not an accident but the deliberately cutivated fruit of Darwin's work. He organized his life in order to construct a new point of view, one that would deal with adaptation in a changing world without any recourse to supernatural forces. 257

Appendix - The Many voyages of the Beagle

• Ideias já presentes nos diários do Beagle: relção entre alimentos disponíveis e poplação 264; struggle 267; extinção 268; superfecundidade 271; tangled bank 274; lei da sucessão de tipos 281; biogeografia 283; maladaptations 289; on human imperfection and perfectability 292; Transformação da criação 294. Não tinha seleção 275, divergência e variade 276.
• Writing is not only an expressive act, it is a reworking of self-consciousness. 296 Ver esquemas de feedback de leitura e público.

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Notebook B

• even mind and instinct becomes influenced B3 20
• Each species changes. Does it progress. Man gain ideas. The simplest cannot help becoming more complicated; and if we look to first origin, there must be progress B18 20
• It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another. We consider those, where the cerebraç strucutre, intellectual faculties, most developed, as highest. B74 21
• If all men were dead, then monkeys make men - Men make angel B169 59
• The difference [between] intellect of man and animals not so great as between living thing without thought (plants) and living thing thing with thought (animal)" B214 41
• It leads you to believe the world older than geologists think B226 62
• Animals whom we have made our slaves we do nt like to consider our equals - do not slave-holders wish t make the black man other kind? B231

Notebook C

• it is useless to speculatye not only about beginning of animla life generally, but even about great division. Ourt question is not how there come to be fishes and quadrupeds but how thre como to be many genera of fish etc etc at present day C58 155
• Man-wonderful man ... he is not a deity, his end uynder present form will come ... he is no exception. C77 41
• What the Frenchman did for species between England and France I will do with forms C123 111
• Why is thought being a secretion of brain, more wonderful than gravity a property of matter? it is our arrogance, our admiration of ourselves C166 41
• My theory drives me to say that ther can be no animal at present time having an intemediate affinity between two classes - there may be some descendant of ome intermediate link C201 197.
• I will never allow that because there is a chasm between man ... and animals that man has different origin. C223 41

Notebook D

• must not go back to first stock of all animals, but merelty to classes where types exist, for if so, it will be necessary to shoe how the first eye is formed, - how one nerve becomes sensitive to light ... which is impossible D21 155
• I pretend no originality of idea (although I arrived at them quite indeendently & have  used them since) ... if merit there be in following work D69 111

Notebook M

• I verily believe free will and chance are synonymous - shake ten thousand grains of sand together and one will be uppermost - so in thoughts, one wll rise according to law M31 243
• to avoid how far I believe in materialism say onluy that emotions instincts degrees of talent which are hereditary are so beacuse brain of child resembles parent stock M57 42

Notebook N

• have plants any notion of cause & effect ... when does such notion commence? N13 219