Mivart 1870

THE GENESIS OF SPECIES - MIVART 1870 

• Dedicada a Henry Holland, também um crítico do Origin. v

1 - Introductory

The problem of the genesis of species stated.—Nature of its probable solution.—Importance of the question.—Position here defended.— Statement of the DARWINIAN THEORY.—Its applicability to details of geographical distribution ; to rudimentary structures ; to homology ; to mimicry, &c.—Consequent utility of the theory.—Its wide acceptance.—Eeasons for this other than, and in addition to, its scientific value. Its simplicity.—Its bearing on religious questions.—Odium theologicum and odium antitheologicum.—The antagonism supposed by many to exist between it and theology neither necessary nor universal. —Christian authorities in favour of evolution.—Mr. Darwin's ''Animals and Plants under Domestication."—Difficulties of the Darwinian, theory enumerated . 

• Indivíduo e espécie é uma analogia incompleta. The word "species," on the other hand, denotes a peculiar congeries of characters, innate powers and qualities, and a certain nature realized indeed in individuals, but having no separate existence, except ideally as a thought in some mind. Thus the birth of a " species" can only be compared metaphorically, and very imperfectly, with that of an "individual." 2
• Evolution wide diffused 4
• In the first place, it was inevitable that a great crowd of half-educated men and shallow thinkers should accept with eagerness the theory of "Natural Selection," or rather what they think to be such (for few things are more remarkable than the way in which it has been misunderstood), on account of [...] its remarkable simplicity, and the ready way in which phenomena the most complex appear explicable by a cause for the comprehension of which laborious and persevering efforts are not required, but which may be represented by the simple phrase "survival of the fittest. 11
• Evolução não completamente demonstrada e perfeitamente compatível com o cristianismo. 4
• Darwinism = Natural selection 4
• NS requires the action of some other natural law or laws as yet undiscovered and consistent with religion. 5, 17
• Constantemente elogia o NS ou afirma que ela pode sobreviver às críticas, esse é apenas um exemplo 9
• The utility of a theory by no means implies its truth 11
• Odium theologicum weaponizing Darwinism (Vogt) 12-3
• It is easy to complain of the onesidedness of many of those who oppose Darwinism in the interest of orthodoxy ; but not at all less patent is the intolerance and narrow-mindedness of some of those who advocate it, avowedly or covertly, in the interest of heterodoxy. 14
• Origin 5 ed, the creator
• " the Creator," and that he has retained in all the editions of his " Origin of Species " an expression which has been much criticised. He speaks " of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms, or into one."1 This is merely mentioned in justice to Mr. Darwin, and by no means because it is a position which this book is intended to support. For, from Mr. Darwin's usual mode of speaking, it appears that by such divine action he means a supernatural intervention, whereas it is here contended that throughout the whole process of physical evolution—the first manifestation of life included —supernatural action is assuredly not to be looked for. 
• Again, in justice to Mr. Darwin, it may be observed that he is addressing the general public, and opposing the ordinary and common objections of popular religionists, who have inveighed against " Evolution" and " Natural Selection " as atheistic, impious, and directly conflicting with the dogma of creation. 
• Still, in so important a matter, it is to be regretted that he did not take the trouble to distinguish between such merely popular views and those which repose upon some more venerable authority. Mr. John Stuart Mill has replied to similar critics, and shown that the assertion that his philosophy is irreconcilable with theism is unfounded; and it would have been better if Mr. Darwin had dealt in the same manner with some of his assailants, and shown the futility of certain of their objections when viewed from a more elevated religious standpoint. Instead of so doing, he seems to adopt the narrowest notions of his opponents, and, far from endeavouring to expand them, appears to wish to endorse them, and to lend to them the weight of his authority. 15-6
• NS subsumed into some higher law 20
• Sum up
• That "Natural Selection" is incompetent to account for the incipient stages of useful structures. 
• That it does not harmonize with the co-existence of closely similar structures of diverse origin. 
• That there are grounds for thinking that specific differences may be developed suddenly instead of gradually. 
• That the opinion that species have definite though very different limits to their variability is still tenable. 
• That certain fossil transitional forms are absent, which might have been expected to be present. 
• That some facts of geographical distribution supplement other difficulties. 
• That the objection drawn from the physiological difference between " species " and " races " still exists unrefuted. 
• That there are many remarkable phenomena in organic forms upon which " Natural Selection" throws no light whatever, but the explanations of which, if they could be attained, might throw light upon specific origination.
• Besides these objections to the sufficiency of " Natural Selection," others may be brought against the hypothesis of " Pangenesis," which, professing as it does to explain great difficulties, seems to do so by presenting others not less great—almost to be the explanation of obscurum per ohscurins. 21-2

2 - The incompetency of "natural selection" to account for the incipient stages of useful structures

Mr. Darwin supposes that natural selection acts by slight variations.— These must be useful at once.—Difficulties as to the giraffe; as to mimicry ; as to the heads of flat-fishes; as to the origin and constancy of the vertebrate limbs ; as to whalebone ; as to the young kangaroo ; as to sea-urchins ; as to certain processes of metamorphosis ; as to the mammary gland ; as to certain ape characters ; as to the rattlesnake and cobra ; as to the process of formation of the eye and ear ; as to the fully developed condition of the eye and ear ; as to the voice ; as to shell-fish ; as to orchids ; as to ants.—The necessity for the simultaneous modification of many individuals.—Summary and conclusion.

• Jenkin e a questão do swamping
• There remains, however, to be noticed a very important consideration, which was brought forward in the North British Review for June 1867, p. 286, namely, the necessity for the simultaneous modification of many individuals. This consideration seems to have escaped Mr. Darwin, for at p. 104 of his last (fifth) edition of " Natural Selection," he admits, with great candour, that until reading this article he did not " appreciate how rarely single variations, whether slight or strongly marked, could be perpetuated." 57
• Racismo brabo 58
• Problema
• Mr. Darwin's theory requires minute, indefinite, fortuitous variations of all parts in all directions, and he insists that the sole operation of "Natural Selection" upon such is sufficient to account for the great majority of organic forms, with their most complicated structures, intricate mutual adaptations and delicate adjustments. 60
• [...]
• That either many individuals amongst a species of butterfly should be simultaneously preserved through a similar accidental and minute variation in one definite direction, when variations in many other directions would also preserve; or that one or two so varying should succeed in supplanting the progeny of thousands of other individuals, and that this should by no other cause be carried so far as to produce the appearance (as we have before stated) of spots of fungi, &c.—are alternatives of an improbability so extreme as to be practically equal to impossibility 62

3 - The co-existence of closely similar strucures of diverse origin

Chances against concordant variations.—Examples of discordant ones.— Concordant variations not unlikely on a non-Darwinian evolutionary hypothesis.—Placental and implacental mammals.—Birds and reptiles. — Independent origins of similar sense organs.—The ear.—The eye.— Other coincidences.—Causes besides Natural Selection produce concordant variations in certain geographical regions.—Causes besides Natural Selection produce concordant variations in certain zoological and botanical groups.—There are homologous parts not genetically related. —Harmony in respect of the organic and inorganic worlds.—Summary and conclusion.

• by " the action of Natural Selection " only it is so improbable as to be practically impossible for two exactly similar structures to have ever been independently developed. [...] it is here urged that even very complex extremely similar structures have again and again been developed quite independently 66-7
• "pure darwinism" = only indirect modifications through the survival of the fittest 67
• some other law 70
• Problema
• Thus it is here contended that the similar and complex structures of both the highest organs of sense, as developed in the vertebrates on the one hand, and in the mollusks on the other, present us with residuary phenomena for which. " Natural Selection " alone is quite incompetent to account. And that these same phenomena must therefore be considered as conclusive evidence for the action of some other natural law or laws conditioning the simultaneous and independent evolution of these harmonious and concordant adaptations. 78
• [...]
• In this third chapter an effort has been made to show that •while on the Darwinian theory concordant variations are extremely improbable, yet Nature presents us with abundant examples of such; the most striking of which are, perhaps, the higher organs of sense. Also that an important influence' is exercised by conditions connected with geographical dlstri- • bution, but that a deeper-seated influence is at work, which is hinted at by those special tendencies in definite directions, which are the properties of certain groups. Finally, that these facts, when taken together, afford strong evidence that " Natural Selection" has not been the exclusive or predominant cause of the various organic structural peculiarities. This conclusion has; also been re-enforced by the consideration of phenomena presented to us by the inorganic world. 96

4 - Minute and gradual modifications

There are difficulties as to minute modifications, even if not fortuitous.— Examples of sudden and considerable modifications of different kinds. — Professor Owen's view.—Mr. Wallace.—Professor Huxley.—Objections to sudden changes.—Labyrinthodont.—Potto.—Cetacea.—As to origin of bird's wing.—Tendrils of climbing plants.—Animals once supposed to be connecting links.—Early specialization of structure.—Macrauchenia.—Glyptodon. —Sabre-toothed tiger.—Conclusion.

• Action of surrounding conditions instead of NS 99
• Problema
• Yet it cannot be denied that some of the most recently formed fossils show a structure singularly more generalized than any exhibited by older forms; while others are more specialized than are any allied creatures of the existing creation. 109
  
• Now, with regard to these instances of early specialization, as also with regard to the changed estimate of the degrees of affinity between forms, it is not pretended for a moment that such facts are irreconcilable Avith "Natural Selection." Nevertheless, they point in an opposite direction. Of course not only is it conceivable that certain antique types arrived at a high degree of specialization and then disappeared ; but it is manifest they did do so. Still the fact of this early degree of excessive specialization tells to a certain, however small, extent against a progress through excessively minute steps, whether fortuitous or not ; as also does the distinctness of forms formerly supposed to constitute connecting links. For, it must not be forgotten, that if species have manifested themselves generally by gradual and minute modifications, then the absence, not in one but in all cases, of such connecting link?, is a phenomenon which remains to be accounted for. 111

5 - As to specific stability

Wheat is meant by the phrase "specific stability;" such stability to he expected a priori, or else considerable changes at once.—Rapidly increasing difficulty of intensifying race characters; alleged causes of this phenomenon; probably an internal cause co-operates.—A certain definiteness in variations.—Mr. Darwin admits the principle of specific stability in certain cases of unequal variability.—The goose.—The peacock—The guinea fowl.—Exceptional causes of variation under domestication.—Alleged tendency to reversion.—Instances.—Sterility of hybrids.—Prepotency of pollen of same species, but of different race.—Mortality in young gallinaceous hybrids.—A bar to intermixture exists somewhere.—Guinea-pigs.—Summary and conclusion.

• Tendency to continued stability ... proposition that species have a definite limit to their variability 116
• . It is, then, somewhat unwarrantable in any Darwinian to assume that all wild animals have a capacity for change similar to that existing in some of the domestic ones. 120
• Reversion 122
• All that is contended for is that there is a bar to the intermixture of species, but not of breeds 125
• Problema
• The obstacles to this indefinite intensification, as well as to certain lines of variation in certain cases, appear to be not only external, but to depend on internal causes or an internal cause. We have seen that Mr. Darwin himself implicitly admits the principle of specific stability in asserting the singular inflexibility of the organization of the goose. We have also seen that it is not fair to conclude that all wild races can vary as much as the most variable domestic ones. It has iilso been shown that there are grounds for believing in a tendency to reversion generally, as it is distinctly present in certain instances. Also that specific stability is confirmed by the physiological obstacles which oppose themselves to any considerable or continued intermixture of species, while no such barriers oppose themselves to the blending of varieties. All these considerations taken together may fairly be considered as strengthening the belief that specific manifestations are relatively stable. 126-7

6 - Species and time

Two relations of species to time.—No evidence of past existence of minutely intermediate forms when such might be expected a priori.—Bats, Pterodactyles, Dinosauria, and Birds.--Ichthyosauria, Chelonia, and Anoura.—Horse ancestry.—Labyrinthodontsand Trilobites.—Two subdivisions of the second relation of species to time.—Sir "William Thomson's views.—Probable period required for ultimate specific evolution from primitive ancestral forms.—Geometrical increase of time required for rapidly multiplying increase of structural differences.—Proboscis monkey. —Time required for deposition of strata necessary for Darwinian evolution.—High organization of Silurian forms of life.— Absence of fossils in oldest rocks.—Summary and conclusion.

• no proof of minute modification 133
• earth 100 million years according to thomson. Not enough time. 136, 140
• absence of rich deposits in the old strata 142
• Problema
• Thus, then, we find a wonderful (and on Darwinian principles an all but inexplicable) absence of minutely transitional forms. All the most marked groups, bats, pterodactyles, chelonians, ichthyosauria, anoura, &c, appear at once upon the scene. Even the horse, the animal whose pedigree has been probably best preserved, affords no conclusive evidence of specific origin by infinitesimal, fortuitous variations; while some forms, as the labyrinthodonts and trilobites, which, seemed to exhibit gradual change, are shown by further investigation to do nothing of the sort. [...] reasons have been suggested why it is likely that the past history of the earth does not supply us with enough. [...] the absence or rarity of fossils in the oldest rocks is a point at present inexplicable, and not to be forgotten or neglected. Now all these difficulties are avoided if we admit that new forms of animal life of all degrees of complexity appear from time to time with comparative suddenness, being evolved according to laws in part depending on surrounding conditions, in part internal—similar to the way in which crystals (and, perhaps from recent researches, the lowest forms of life) build themselves up according to the internal laws of their component substance, and in harmony and correspondence with all environing influences and conditions. 142-3

7 - Species and space

The geographical distribution of animals presents difficulties.—These not insurmountable in themselves; harmonize with other difficulties.— Fresh-water fishes.—Forms common to Africa and India ; to Africa and South America ; to China and Australia; to North America and China; to New Zealand and South America; to South America and Tasmania ; to South America and Australia.—Pleurodont lizards.—Insectivorous mammals.—Similarity of European and South American frogs —Analogy between European salmon andfishesof New Zealand, &c. An ancient Antarctic continent probable.—Other modes of accounting for facts of distribution.—Independent origin of closely similar forms.— Conclusion.

• the geographical distribution of animals •presents difficulties,though not iusuperable ones,for theDarwinian hypothesis. 153

8 - Homologies

Animals made-up of parts mutually related in various ways.—What homology is.—Its various kinds.—Serial homology.—Lateral homology.— Vertical homology. --Mr. Herbert Spem-er's explanations.—An internal power necessary, as shown by facts of comparative anatomy. —Of teratology.—M. St. Hilaire.—Professor Burt Wilder.—Foot-wings.—Facts of pathology.—Mr. James Paget.—Dr. William Budd.— The existence of such an internal power of individual development diminishes the improbability of an analogous law of specific origination.

• Innate, internal condition or force to explain the relationships between parts 156
• To return, however, to the subject of homological relations: it is surely inconceivable that indefinite variation with survival of the fittest can ever have built up these serial, bilateral, and vertical homologies, without the action of some special innate power or tendency so to build up, possessed by the organism itself in each case. By " special tendency " is meant one the laws and conditions of which are as yet unknown, but which is analogous to the innate power and tendency possessed by ciystals similarly, to build up certain peculiar and very definite forms. 176
• Homology
• Homology may be further distinguished into (1) a relationship •which, on evolutionary principles, would be due to descent from a common ancestor, as the homological relation between the armbone of the horse and that of the ox, or between the singular ankle bones of the two lemurine genera, cheirogaleus and galago, and which relation has been termed by Mr. Ray Lankester '•homogeny; "l and (2) a relationship induced, not derived—such
  as exists between parts closely similar in relative position, but with no genetic affinity, or only a remote one, as the homological relation between the chambers of the heart of a bat and those of a bird, or the similar teeth of the thylacine and the dog before spoken of [...] Ray Lankester proposed the term homoplasy. [Darwins note: I call this analogy] 158-9
• Spencer
• Mr. Spencer has beautifully illustrated that correlation which all must admit to exist between the forms of organisms and their surrounding external conditions, but by no means proved that the latter are tlie cause of the former. 
• Some internal conditions (or in ordinary language some internal power and force) must be conceded to living organisms, otherwise incident forces must act upon them and upon nonliving aggregations of matter in the same way and with similar effects. 166
• laws of correlation hardly appear well founded 173

9 - Evolution and ethics

The origin of morals an inquiry not foreign to the subject of this book.— Modern utilitarian view as to that origin.—Mr. Darwin's speculation as to the origin of the abhorrence of incest.—Cause assigned by him insufficient.—Care of the aged and infirm opposed by "Natural Selection ;" also self-abnegation and asceticism.—Distinctness of the ideas "right" and "useful."—Mr. John Stuart Mill.-Insufficiency of "Natural Selection" to account for the origin of the distinction between duty and profit.—Distinction of moral acts into "material" and "formal."—No ground for believing that formal morality exists in brutes.—Evidence that it does exist in savages.—Facility with which savages may be misunderstood.—Objections as to diversity of customs.—Mr. Hutton's review of Mr. Herbert Spencer.—Anticipatory character of morals.—Sir John Lubbock's explanation.—Summary and conclusion.

• In fact, according to this school ["natural selectionists"], the idea of "right" is only the result of the gradual accretion of useful predilections which, from time to time, arose in a series of ancestors naturally selected. In this way, "morality" is, as it were, the congealed past experience of the race, and "virtue" becomes no more than a sort of " retrieving," which the thus improved human animal practises by a perfected and inherited habit, regardless of self-gratification, 189
• efeitos ruins da NS
• " Natural Selection," the ill effects of close interbreeding causing the less numerous and less healthy offspring of incestuous unions to disappear by degrees, 190
• kill and devour their old women [...] such acts surely must be gratly favoured by the stern and unrelenting action of exclusive "Natural Selection". 193
• ética formal (com intenção) e material (sem intenção) 196
• "Natural Selection" would, of course, often lead to the prevalence of acts beneficial to a community, and to acts materially good j but unless they can be shown to be formally so, they are not in the least to the point, they do not offer any explanation of the origin of an altogether new and fundamentally different motive and conception. 197
• From this point of view it is plain how trifling are arguments drawn from the acts of a savage, since an action highly immoral in us might be one exceedingly virtuous in him — being the highest presented to his choice in his degraded intellectual condition and peculiar circumstances. 200
• The principle is given in our nature, the application of the principle is the result of a thousand educational influences. [...] Habit, education, and intellectual gifts facilitate the correct application of both. 201
• we, nevertheless, find moral conceptions—formally moral ideas—not only spread over the civilized "world, but manifesting themselves unmistakeably (in however rudimentary a condition, and however misapplied) amongst the lowest and most degraded of savages. [...] fatal to the theory of "Natural Selection" 207
  
• It should not be forgotten how extremely difficult it is to enter into the ideas and feelings of an alien race [e ainda assim são racistas] 198
• Critica de Hutton a Spencer 202
• Problemas até aqui
• To return to the bearing of moral conceptions on "Natural Selection," it seems that, from the reasons given in this chapter, we may safely affirm—
• 1. That "Natural Selection" could not have produced, from the sensations of pleasure and pain experienced by brutes, a higher degree of morality than was useful; therefore it could have produced any amount of "beneficial habits," but not abhorrence of certain acts as impure and sinful. 
• 2. That it could not have developed that high esteem for acts of care and tenderness to the aged and infirm which actually exists, but would rather have perpetuated certain low social conditions which obtain in some savage localities. 
• 3. That it could not have evolved from ape sensations the noble virtue of a Marcus Aurelius, or the loving but manly devotion of a St. Lewis. 
• 4. That, alone, it could not have given rise to the maxim fiat justitia, mat a.elum.
• 5. That the interval between material and formal morality is one altogether beyond its power to traverse. 206-7

10 - Pangenesis

A provisional hypothesis supplementing " Natural Selection."—Statement of the hypothesis.—Difficulty as to multitude of gemmules.—As to certain modes of reproduction.—As to formations without the requisite gemmules.—Mr. Lewes and Professor Delpino.— Difficulty as to developmental force of gemmules.—As to their spontaneous fission.— Pangenesis and Vitalism.—Paradoxical reality.—Pangenesis scarcely superior to anterior hypotheses. — Buffon. —• Owen. — Herbert Spencer.—"Gemmules" as mysterious as "physiological units."— Conclusion.

• On the hypothesis of pangenesis, no creature can develop an organ unless it possesses the component gemmules which serve for its formation. !No creature can possess such gemmules unless it inherits them from its parents, grandparents, or its less remote ancestors. 212
• The main objection raised against Mr. Darwin's hypothesis is that it (Pangenesis) requires so many subordinate hypotheses for its support, and that some of these are not tenable. [segue com Delpino] 213
• Altogether the hypothesis of Pangenesis seems to be little, if at all, superior to anterior hypotheses of a rnore or less similar nature. 217
• As was said at the beginning of this chapter, " Pangenesis " •and " Natural Selection " are quite separable and distinct hypotheses. The fall of one of these by no means necessarily includes that of the other. Nevertheless, Mr. Darwin has associated them closely together, and, therefore, the refutation of Pangenesis may render it advisable for those who have hitherto aoeepted " Natural Selection" to reconsider that theory 219

11 - Specific Genesis

Review of the statements and arguments of preceding chapters.— Cumulative argument against predominant action of "Natural Selection."—Whether anything positive as well as negative can be enunciated.—Constancy of laws of nature does not necessarily imply constancy of specific evolution.—Possible exceptional stability of existing epoch.—Probability that an internal cause of change exists.—Innate powers must be conceived as existing somewhere or other.—Symbolism of molecular action under vibrating impulses.—Professor Owen's statement.—Statement of the Author's view.—It avoids the difficulties which oppose " Natural Selection.''—It harmonizes apparently conflicting conceptions.—Summary and conclusion

• no mere survival of the fittest accidental and minute variations can account for the incipient stages of useful structures 220
• Resumo de tudo
• he peculiar mode of origin of the eye (by the simultaneous and concurrent modification of distinct parts), with the wonderful refinement of the human ear and voice, have been insisted on; as also, that the importance of all these facts is intensified through the necessity (admitted by Mr. Darwin) that many individuals should be similarly and simultaneously modified in order that slightly favourable variations may hold their own in the struggle for life, against the overwhelming force and influence of mere number. [...] the great improbability that from minute variations in all directions alone and unaided, save by the survival of the fittest, closely similar structures should independently arise; though, on a non-Darwinian evolutionary hypothesis, their development might be expected a priori.  [ch 2] 221
• innate tendency [ch 3] 222
• It has also been contended that there is something to be said in favour of sudden, as opposed to exceedingly minute and gradual, modifications, even if the latter are not fortuitous. [ch 4] 222
  
• certain limit to normal variability ... existence of an internal barrier to change ,,,, reversion .... elimination of hybrid races 223
• dded others derived from the relations of species to past time. It has been contended that we have as yet no evidence of minutely intermediate forms connecting uninterruptedly together undoubtedly distinct species. .... it seems incredible that a small percentage of such transitional forms should not have been preserved. [ch 5] 223-4
• Sir William Thomson's great authority has been seen to oppose itself to " Natural Selection," by limiting, on astronomical and physical grounds, the duration of life on this planet to about one hundred million years. [ch 6] 224
• he geographical distribution of existing animals has been seen to present difficulties which, though not themselves insurmountable, yet have a certain weight when taken in conjunction with all the other objections. [ch 7] 224
• Such facts, it has been contended, are not explicable without admitting the action of what may most conveniently be spoken of as an internal power, the existence of which is supported by facts not only of comparative anatomy but of teratology and pathology also. "Natural Selection" also has been shown to be impotent to explain these phenomena, while the existence of such an internal power of homologous evolution diminishes the a priori improbability of an analogous law of specific origination. [ch 8] 224
• All these various considerations have been supplemented by an endeavour to show the utter inadequacy of Mr. Darwin's theory with regard to the higher psychical phenomena of man (especially the evolution of moral conceptions), and with regard to the evolution of individual organisms by the action of Pangenesis. And it was implied that if Mr. Darwin's latter hypothesis can be shown to be untenable, an antecedent doubt is thus thrown upon his other conception, namely, the theory of " Natural Selection." [ch 9-10] 224-5
• a cumnulative argument 225
• internal power is a great, perhaps the main, determining agent. .... minerals also have it 227-8 and every particle 231
• Spencer's innate tendency and Darwin's gemmules 228
• Surgimento das espécies
• the accumulation of these conditions may upset the previous rhythm of such units, producing modifications in them—a fresh chord in the harmony of nature—a new species ! 230
• Xow the new forms must be produced by changes taking place in organisms in, after or before their birth, either in their embryonic, or towards or in their adult, condition. 233
• sensitiveness of the generative system 235
• If, in the past history of this planet, more causes ever intervened," or intervened more energetically than at present, we might a priori expect a richer and more various evolution of forms more radically differing than any which could be produced under conditions of more perfect equilibrium. 235
• saltations 231
• Owen
• The view of evolution maintained in this work, though arrived at in complete independence, yet seems to agree in many respects with the views advocated by Professor Owen ..... "Derivation holds that every species changes in time, by virtue of inherent tendencies thereto. ' Natural Selection' holds that no such change can take place without the influence of altered external circumstances. [Mivart critica a representação de Owen a favor de Darwin] 238
• '"Natural Selection' sees grandeur in the view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one. 'Derivation' sees therein a narrow invocation of a special miracle and an unworthy limitation of creative power, the grandeur of which is manifested daily, hourly, in calling into life many forms, by conversion of physical and chemical into vital modes of force, under as many diversified conditions of the requisite elements to be so combined." 239
• Explicações
• That by such a force, from time to time, new species are manifested by ordinary generation
• That these "jumps" are considerable in comparison with the minute variations of "Natural Selection"—are in fact sensible steps, such as discriminate species from species. 
• That the latent tendency which exists to these sadden evolutions is determined to action by the stimulus of external conditions. 
• That "Natural Selection" rigorously destroys monstrosities, and abortive and feeble attempts at the performance of the evolutionary process. 
• That " Natural Selection" removes the antecedent species rapidly when the new one evolved is more in harmony with surrounding conditions. 
• That " Natural Selection " favours and develops useful variations, though it is impotent to originate them or to erect the physiological barrier which seems to exist between species.
• Again, as to the independent origin of closely similar structures, such as the eyes of the Vertebrata and cuttle-fishes, the difficulty is removed if we may adopt the conception of an innate force similarly directed in each case, and assisted by favourable external conditions. 
• Specific stability, limitation to variability, and the facts of reversion, all harmonize with the view here put forward. The same may be said with regard to the significant facts of homology, and of organic symmetry ; 240
• Harmoniza teleologia, conformidade ao tipo e transmutacionismo 241-2

12 - Theology and evolution

Prejudiced opinions on the subject.—" Creation " sometimes denied from prejudice.—The unknowable.—Mr. Herbert Spencer's objections to theism ; to creation.—Meanings of term "creation."—Confusion from not distinguishing between "primary" and "derivative" creation.— Mr. Darwin's objections.—Bearing of Christianity on the theory of evolution.—Supposed opposition, the result of a misconception.—Theological authority not opposed to evolution.—St. Augustin.—St. Thomas Aquinas.—Certain consequences of want of flexibility of mind.—Reason and imagination.—The first cause and demonstration.—Parallel between Christianity and natural theology.—-What evolution of species is.—Professor Agassiz.—Innate powers must be recognized.—Bearing of evolution on religious belief.—Professor Huxley.—Professor Owen.—Mr. Wallace.—Mr. Darwin.—A priori conception of Divine action.—Origin of man.—Absolute creation and dogma.—Mr. Wallace's view.—A supernatural origin for man's body not necessary. —Two orders of being in man.—Two modes of origin.—Harmony of the physical, hyperphysical, and supernatural.—Reconciliation of science and religion as regards evolution.—Conclusion.

• That Divine action has concurred and concurs in these laws we know by deductions from our primary intuitions ; and physical science, if unable to demonstrate such action, is at least as impotent to disprove it. Disjoined from these deductions, the phenomena of the universe present an aspect devoid of all that appeals to the loftiest aspirations of man, that which stimulates his efforts after goodness, and presents consolations for unavoidable shortcomings. Conjoined with these same deductions, all the harmony of physical nature and the constancy of its laws are preserved unimpaired, while the reason, the conscience, and the sesthetic instincts are alike gratified. We have thus a true reconciliation of science and religion, in which each gains and neither loses, one being complementary to the other. 287
• peace and conciliation .... the evolution of organic forms - the genesis of species
• The aim has been to support the doctrine that these species have been evolved by ordinary natural laws (for the most part unknown) controlled by the subordinate action of "Natural Selection," and at the same time to remind some that there is and can be absolutely nothing in physical science which forbids them to regard those natural laws as acting with the Divine concurrence and in obedience to a creative fiat originally imposed on the primeval Cosmos, "in the beginning," by its Creator, its Upholder, and its Lord. 288